尼日利亚农林业发展与荒漠化防治探析

尼日利亚南部紧邻几内亚湾, 为热带雨林气候, 北部与撒哈拉沙漠接壤, 为稀树干草原。历史以来, 有多条沙垄深入该国北部100~200 km, 风沙土遍布, 生态环境脆弱。近年来, 森林因砍伐和烧荒以每年1.36%的速度消失, 而沙化土地每年以35万hm2的速度增加, 荒漠化发展迅速, 生态安全堪忧, 气候旱化、人口增加、沙质地表及农林牧资源过度开发利用为主因。尼日利亚通过采取减少木材依赖型能源与工业、控制人口、草畜平衡、禁止开垦、环境意识与法制结合等对策与措施, 提高土地生产力, 逐步恢复稀树干草原, 促进社会经济可持续发展和生态环境的良性循环。文中介绍了尼日利亚农林业发展现状、荒漠化与沙产业发展、荒漠化防治中存在的问题与对策, 认为长期开展气候周期性变化对生物多样性与荒漠化关系影响研究以及成功地采用林木引种驯化、育苗造林、流沙垄固定、防护林营造、沙产业开发、适地适树等技术值得我国学习与借鉴。

Analysis on Agriculture & Forestry Development and Desertification Combating in Nigeria

The south of Nigeria is connected to Gulf of Guinea under tropical rainforest climate, and however, the north is near to the Sahara Desert with the savanna climate. Historically,several dune chains from Sahara extended to 100-200 km in the north region, and resultantly sandy land is distributed everywhere and the eco-environment there is fragile. In recent decades, forests there is disappearing at the speed of 1.36% annually as the result of cutting and burning, and desertification is increasing at the area of 350 000 hm² per year. In this context, eco-safety is in challenge. Its climate change, sandy land, increased population and over-use of natural resources are the main factors. In order to improve land productiveness, gradually restore the savanna and promote the socioeconomic sustainable development and virtuous recycling of eco-environment, some steps and strategies have been made and adopted, such as developing clean energy and industry with less dependence on timber, population control, grass and livestock balance, land reclamation limitation, and combination eco-awareness with law and regulations. The paper described the present situation of agriculture and forestry, desertification and deserticulture development, and problems and countermeasures arising in desertification combating. It pointed out the research on the influence of periodical climate change on biodiversity and desertification as well as the successful introduction and domestication of tree species, breeding and afforestation, flowing dune chains fixation, windbreak establishment, deserticulture development, afforestation at suitable land and other technologies are worth learning.