全覆膜垄作种植对旱作马铃薯生长和土壤特性的影响

针对内蒙古长城沿线丘陵区土壤保水保肥性差,春旱严重及马铃薯产量和降雨利用率低的问题,采用地膜覆盖和垄作种植相结合的技术手段,通过连续2年的田间试验,研究了露地平作(CK)、全膜垄作(全膜双垄垄上播(A1)、全膜单垄垄上播(A2)、全膜单垄垄上微沟播(A3))和全覆膜平作(A4)5种栽培方式对旱作农田土壤酶活性与相应土层土壤含水量、温度、pH及马铃薯生长的影响。结果表明:整个生育期内,全覆膜和垄作提高了土壤增温保墒能力,A1、A2、A3和A4处理,与CK相比,土壤含水量分别提高了32.76%,23.60%,42.92%,17.58%,土壤温度分别提高11.51%,9.41%,6.87%,4.83%,同时显著降低0—20cm土层土壤pH,提高了相应土层土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,进而增加芽鲜重、根鲜重和芽粗,提高了根系活力,降低了丙二醛含量。与CK相比,产量分别提高48.62%,34.22%,52.85%,21.70%,显著增加了降雨利用率和肥料偏生产力。可见,全膜垄作种植可改善土壤质量,提高作物产量和降雨利用率,且以A1和A3效果最优,更适合作为内蒙古长城沿线丘陵区节水高产栽培模式。

Effects of Full-film Mulching and Ridging Planting on the Rainfed Potato Growth and Soil Characteristics

In order to solve the problems of low capacity of water and nutrients retention, drought stress, low potato yield and rainfall utilization rate in the hilly area along the Great Wall of Inner Mongolia, a two-year field experiment with different plastic mulching and ridge tillage planting was conducted. The soil enzyme activity, soil water content, soil temperature, pH and potato growth and yield was studied under five planting treatments, which were full-film mulching with double ridge planting (A1), full-film mulching with single ridge planting (A2), full-film mulching with single ridge micro furrow planting (A3), full-film with flat planting (A4) and traditional planting (CK). The result showed that in different growth stages of potato, full-film mulching and ridging planting densities had different effects on soil water content and soil temperature. Compared with CK, the soil water content of A1, A2, A3 and A4 treatments was increased by 32.76%, 23.60%, 42.92% and 17.58%; the soil temperature of A1, A2, A3 and A4 treatments was increased by 11.51%, 9.41%, 6.87% and 4.83% respectively. Meanwhile, the activities of soil enzymes (soil catalase activity and soil urease activity) was increased and soil pH was decreased under different plastic mulching and ridge tillage treatments, and result in the increase of the potato bud fresh weight, root fresh weight, bud diamete and root activity, and the decrease of malonaldehyde content (MDA) accordingly. Compared with CK,the tuber yield significantly was increased by 48.62%, 34.22%, 52.85%, 21.70% in A1, A2, A3 and A4 treatment respectively, and the rainfall utilization rate and fertilizer biased productivity were also significantly increased. In conclusion, full-film mulching with ridging tillage could significantly improve soil quality and increase crop yield and rainfall utilization rate, and the effect of A1 and A3 treatments A3 and A1 was more optimal,which could be a water saving cultivation practice in the rain-fed and hilly area along the Great Wall of Inner Mongolia.