Ammonia oxidizer abundance in paddy soil profile with different fertilizer regimes |
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| Institution: | 1. Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle, Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;2. Jiangsu Provincial Coordinated Research Center for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;1. Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, USA;2. Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, USA;1. College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;2. College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China;3. Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Geography Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;4. Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China;5. Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil, Nanchang 331717, China;1. Department of Resources and Environmental Science, College of Agriculture/ The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China;2. Scion Research, PO Box 29237, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand;3. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China;1. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;1. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (CAS), 100101 Beijing, China;2. College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866 Shenyang, China;3. College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang, China |
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| Abstract: | Studies about ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) are often focused on topsoil, but little is known about their activity and distribution in subsoil. A long-term fertilizer experiment was conducted to assess the effects of different fertilizer treatments on AOB and AOA in vertical soil profiles of paddy soil plots that received no nitrogen fertilizer control (CK), NPK chemical fertilizers (CF), organic–inorganic mixed fertilizer (OIMF) and organic fertilizer (OF). Soil properties, potential nitrification rate (PNR) and amoA gene abundance of AOB and AOA were measured and analyzed by two-way ANOVA and correlation analysis. Quantitative PCR analysis of amoA genes showed that AOA were more abundant than AOB in all the soil samples. AOB declined sharply with soil depth. Compared with CK and OF treatments, CF and OIMF treatments had higher abundance of AOB throughout the soil profiles. However, AOA tend less responsive to soil depth and fertilizers compared to AOB. This caused the AOA/AOB ratios in subsoil higher than in topsoil, and in CK and OF higher than in CF and OIMF treatments. These results suggest that AOA are more abundant and can be better adapted to nutrient-poor subsoils than AOB, and autotrophic nitrification could likely be determined by a complex suite of environmental factors in vertical profiles of the paddy soil tested. |
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| Keywords: | Ammonia-oxidizing archaea Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Fertilizer regime Paddy soil vertical profile |
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