Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in the yeast antagonist–fruit interaction: A new role for reactive oxygen species in postharvest biocontrol? |
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| Institution: | 1. United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA;2. Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel;3. USDA-ARS, Electron & Confocal Microscopy Unit, 10300 Baltimore Ave. Bldg. 465, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;1. College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China;2. Chongqing Special Food Programme and Technology Research Center, Chongqing 400715, PR China;1. School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China;2. School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang 212003, People’s Republic of China;1. Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States;2. Department of Earth & Environmental Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States;3. Centre for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States;4. Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, United States;1. National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China;2. Lishui Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Lishui 323000, People’s Republic of China;1. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China;2. Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China;3. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China;4. College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China;5. College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404120, China;6. Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China |
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| Abstract: | The importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant defense responses against certain pathogens is well documented. There is some evidence that microbial biocontrol agents also induce a transient production of ROS in a host plant which triggers local and systemic defense responses to pathogens. The ability of biocontrol agents used to control postharvest diseases to induce defense-related oxidative responses in fruits, however, has not been explored. Here we show that the yeast antagonists, Metschnikowia fructicola (strain 277) and Candida oleophila (strain 182) generate greater levels of super oxide anion (O2−) on intact fruit surfaces (poor in nutrients) then those applied on a nutrient-poor agar medium. Even though yeast antagonists show a high level of O2− on nutrient-rich media, when applied on fruits around wounds (areas abundant in nutrients) accumulation of O2−, as detected by nitro blue tetrazolium staining, occurred much more rapidly on the latter. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy we observed that the application of M. fructicola and C. oleophila into citrus and apple fruit wounds correlated with an increase in H2O2 accumulation in host tissue. In citrus fruit, the level of H2O2 around inoculated wounds increased by 4-fold compared to controls (wounds inoculated with water) as early as 18 h after inoculation. Yeast continued to stimulate H2O2 production in citrus fruit up to 66 h after inoculation and H2O2 levels were still 3-fold above the control. Living yeast cells were detected in fruit wounds at this time point indicating the ability of M. fructicola to tolerate host ROS, which has been reported to be an intrinsic characteristic of efficient yeast antagonists. Similar increase in H2O2 accumulation around yeast-inoculated wounds was observed in apple fruit exocarp. The present data, together with our earlier discovery of the importance of H2O2 production in the defense response of citrus flavedo to postharvest pathogens, indicate that the yeast-induced oxidative response in fruit exocarp may be associated with the ability of specific yeast species to serve as biocontrol agents for the management of postharvest diseases. |
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