温度和降水对云南玉溪水稻生产的影响

为了解水稻不同生长阶段气温和降水因子对水稻生产的影响,利用玉溪市红塔区农业气象观测站1980—2011年水稻生长期、产量及其构成因素的观测资料,分析了水稻各生长阶段天数、产量及其构成因素与同期气温和降水量的关系.结果表明:除孕穗—抽穗期,降水量与水稻其他各生长阶段天数呈显著正相关,以分蘖—孕穗期(r=0.6362,P>0.01)和移栽—分蘖期(r=0.4247,P>0.05)受降水限制最大.移栽—分蘖期平均气温、最高气温和最低气温,以及分蘖—孕穗期和乳熟—成熟期日较差与相应阶段天数呈显著负相关.穗粒数是影响水稻产量的主要构成因素,其与孕穗—乳熟期气温呈正相关.结实率与乳熟—成熟期最高气温和温差呈显著负相关,与最低气温和降水量呈显著正相关.千粒重与孕穗—成熟期气温呈负相关.水稻产量与移栽—分蘖期最高气温和日较差呈显著负相关,与降水量呈显著正相关,且丰年这3个因子与平年和歉年也有较大差异.结果说明,移栽—孕穗期水稻生产主要受降水的限制,孕穗—成熟期则主要受气温的影响,较高的气温促进穗粒数的增加,较大的温差促进物质的积累,对提高水稻产量较为有利.

Effects of Air Temperature and Precipitation on Rice Production in Yuxi, Yunnan Province

For understanding the effects of air temperature and precipitation indifferent growth stages of rice on its production, the observation data of rice growth period, yield and its formative factors in Hongta, Yuxi agricultural meteorological stations from 1980-2011 were used for analyzing the relationship between days of growth stages, yield and its formative factors of rice and air temperature and precipitation, respectively. The results showed that, precipitation was significantly positive related to days of growth stages excluding booting-heading stage. And tiller-booting stage and transplant-tiller stage were the most inhibited by precipitation (the correlation coefficient r=0.6362 and r=0.4247, respectively). Average temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature in tiller-booting stage and daily temperature range in tiller-booting stage and milk-maturity stage were significantly negative correlated to corresponding growth days. Seed per ear was the main formative factor that affect rice yield. It was positive correlated to air temperature in booting-milk maturity stage. Setting percentage was significantly negative correlated to maximum temperature and daily temperature range in milk-maturity stage, but it was significantly positive correlated to minimum temperature and precipitation. Thousand seed weight (TSW) was negative correlated to temperature in booting-maturity. Rice yield was significantly negative correlated to maximum temperature and daily temperature range in transplant-tiller stage but significantly positive correlated to precipitation, and the three meteorological factors in bumper harvest year were different from common year and poor year. The results indicated that, rice production in transplant-booting stage was mainly inhibited by precipitation. While in booting-maturity stage, it was mainly affected by temperature. Higher temperature promotes the increase of seed per ear, and greater daily temperature range promotes matter accumulation. Both of that are good for increasing rice yield.