平原河网地区农村面源污染重点源和区的识别筛选——以上海青浦区为例

以地处平原河网地区的上海市青浦区为研究对象,通过清单分析方法和等标污染负荷法,以乡镇为单元研究了种植业、畜禽养殖、水产养殖和农村生活污水等农村面源污染来源,以及化学需氧量（COD）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）等污染物的排放量及其贡献率,并以青浦区水环境功能区划地表水环境质量标准为基准,评价及识别筛选了该区域农村面源污染主要来源及其重点区域。研究结果表明,青浦区农业面源污染COD、TN、TP实物排放量分别为2.68×103、0.85×103、0.11×103t·a-1,主要污染源为种植业,其等标污染负荷比达到53.07%,主要污染物为TN,其等标污染负荷比达到59.92%。通过农业面源污染排放强度分析,确定青浦区农业面源污染程度较重的乡镇主要为练塘镇、白鹤镇和金泽镇,建议在青东地区以农村生活污水处理和畜禽养殖污染治理为重点、在青西地区以种植业面源污染防治为重点,针对性地开展农村面源污染综合防治工作。

Identification of Critical Sources and Areas of Rural Non-point Source Pollution in the Plain River Network Area：A Case Study of Qingpu,Shanghai,China

In the economic developed plain with river network,the rural non-point source pollutions gradually become the primary pollutants＇ sources of chemical oxygen demand（COD）,total nitrogen（TN） and total phosphorus（TP）,under the circumstance that the industrial point sources had been strictly controlled.For the purpose of establishing an identification method for the critical sources and areas of rural non-point source pollutions in these areas,this study took Qingpu District in Shanghai as the study area,and the inventory analysis method and equivalent standard method were conducted to determine the discharge amounts and contribution rates of COD,TN and TP from different types of rural non-point source pollutions,including crop farming,animal husbandry,aquaculture and rural sewage.The main sources and areas of rural non-point source pollutions were evaluated and identified based on the water quality standards of water environment function zoning of Qingpu District.The results indicated that,the absolute discharge amounts of COD,TN and TP from rural non-point source pollutions were 2.68×103、0.85×103、0.11×103 t·a-1 respectively.The primary source was crop farming,whose load ratio in equivalent standard reached 53.07%,and the primary pollutant was TP,whose load ratio in equivalent standard reached 59.92%.From the point view of town-based pollution stress,Liantang town、Jinze town and Baihe town had borne more severe rural non-point source pollutions.Therefore,the corresponding measures of rural non-point source pollution control should be implemented,including rural sewage treatment and animal husbandry pollution control in East Qingpu,and plantation pollution control in the West Qingpu.