中国设施园艺装备技术发展现状与未来研究方向

近年来,中国设施园艺装备产业得到了跨越式发展,一个完备的技术体系正在逐步建立。受设施环境-作物交互影响机理缺乏、设施-设备匹配性差等因素的制约,中国设施园艺装备在稳定性、智能化等方面与国际先进水平仍存在较大差距,制约了产业效益水平和劳动生产效率的提升。有必要对中国设施园艺装备技术进行一个系统总结,为下一步产业的技术研发指明方向。该文在准确把握中国设施园艺装备技术发展现状的基础上,从种苗装备、生产装备、物流装备、管理装备等4个环节入手,将中国设施园艺装备技术与国际发达国家的水平进行了比对,并找出了相关差距。研究得出了中国设施园艺装备技术发展中存在的技术研发系统性持续性不够、与装备匹配的农艺参数积累缺乏、装备的整体性和工程性亟需提高等问题,明确了区域化园艺作物生长机理、北方日光温室结构与装备升级、全产业链自动化作业、园艺信息化智能化管理、非耕地基地化与城镇化装备等未来重点研发的方向,提出了制定设施园艺装备技术创新发展规划、实施设施园艺技术促进与产业促进的"全面赶超"计划、创新以激发协同研发活力的体制机制、强化技术推广服务体系建设等政策建议,从而为指导中国设施园艺装备技术的革新提供借鉴。

Development status and future research emphase on greenhouse horticultural equipment and its relative technology in China

Abstract: With the fast increasing of greenhouse scale, the Chinese greenhouse horticultural equipment industry also developed rapidly in recent years. A complete technology system would be establishing gradually. On account of shortage for influencing mechanism between greenhouse environment and plant demand, poor matching of greenhouse with equipment and low level of the whole equipment manufacturing industry, the level of greenhouse horticultural equipment in China is lower than that in developed country in the aspects of technical content, stability, information and intelligent level. The mechanization rate of greenhouse horticulture in China is only 32.45% in 2012, and there was imbalance of mechanization rate among the processes of greenhouse horticulture such as plough, cultivate, harvest, environmental control and so on. These situation limiting the improvement of effectiveness level and labor productivity of greenhouse horticulture industry in China. After the announcement of Made in China 2025 Action Plan, it is necessary to make a systematic summary for equipment and relative technology of greenhouse horticulture in China, and to point out the research main points of the greenhouse horticultural equipment which play the real supporting function roles in greenhouse horticulture. Based on obtaining the present status of Chinese greenhouse horticulture equipment technology exactly, the level of greenhouse horticulture equipment in China was compared with that in the developed country from the aspects of seeding breeding equipment, cultivation producing equipment, logistics transporting equipment, plant management equipment, and the relative gap between countries was found. Meanwhile, the problems existing in the development of Chinese greenhouse horticulture equipment technology were point out, such as: lacking of systematic and constant research and innovation, shortage of accumulation in agronomic technique matching with equipment, absence of systematic research for future technology, insufficiency of integrity and engineering for equipment. The future key research tasks in Chinese greenhouse horticulture equipment were formulated, such as: 1)long-term collaborative research for regional greenhouse horticultural crop growth mechanism, which conducted the continues monitoring for equipment, environment and crop physiology in multi-span greenhouse, Chinese solar greenhouse in the north of China and plastic film greenhouse in the south of China, and established the relation model between mainly environment parameters and crop yield under different greenhouse equipment conditions in different region; 2)technology research for upgrade and update of Chinese solar greenhouse, which developed the new greenhouse structure and cultivation model to achieve whole year planting, labor force saving, land saving and energy saving; 3) whole industrial chain automatic production technology and equipment research, which developed the equipment for seed breeding, cultivation, harvesting and logistics, to archived vegetable automatic production in greenhouse; 4) research for greenhouse horticulture intelligent management equipment, which developed the information management software for large greenhouse production and established regional greenhouse horticulture cloud computing database; 5) research for non-cultivated land greenhouse equipment, which integrated the water saving irrigation technology and soilless cultivation technology to archive planting in greenhouse in non-cultivated land. The policy suggestions were also put forward such as making greenhouse horticultural equipment technology innovation plan, establishing technology promotion service system and so on. This article should provide an important reference for making future planning and policy by government and scientific research institutions and for guiding the innovation of Chinese greenhouse horticulture equipment technology.