普通小麦与大麦杂交研究进展

对普通小麦与大麦远缘杂交的研究成果进行了综述.大麦具有早熟、多花多粒性、抗盐碱、抗穗发芽、赖氨酸含量高、抗白粉病、叶枯病、锈病等优良性状,大麦与普通小麦杂交,可以把这些优良性状导入小麦,对丰富小麦遗传种质资源、提高小麦育种水平具有重要意义.截止目前不完全统计,已成功进行普通小麦与普通大麦、野生二棱大麦、栽培二棱大麦、智利大麦、球茎大麦、海大麦、平展大麦和窄小大麦等的杂交;成功进行了硬粒小麦与智利大麦,提莫菲维小麦与布顿大麦,一粒小麦、二粒小麦与普通大麦等的杂交.已创制出约24种不同的大小麦杂交后代材料,并对部分材料利用染色体分带、原位杂交、分子遗传标记等手段进行了鉴定.对大麦优良性状的利用目前较多的是抗病性、抗穗发芽、高分子量谷蛋白亚基等.大小麦杂交对拓展小麦种质资源具有重要作用,今后应当利用现代基因克隆及重组技术,把远缘杂交和分子育种技术相结合,提高大小麦杂交的成功率和大麦优良性状的利用率.

Advances on the Hybridization between Wheat and Barley

This paper summarized the research to the distant hybridization between wheat (Triticum) and barley (Hordeum). Hybridization between wheat and barley can introduce many barley profitable properties into common wheat, such as early-maturity, poly-flowery and ploy-grain character, saline-alkali tolerance, resistance to ear sprouts, high content of lysine, and high resistance to yellow dwarf, powdery mildew and rust, etc. this will possess the important meaning to enrich wheat germplasm and improve the wheat breeding. And the incomplete .statistics at present, the successful hybridization had been carried on between T. aestivum and H. vulgare, H. spontaneum, H. distichon, H. Clilense, H. bulbosum, H. marinum, H. depressum, H. pusillam, between T. durum and H. Clilense, between T. timopheevi and H. bogdanii, between T. monococcum, T. dicoccum and H. vulgare, and so on. About 24 kinds of different intergeneric hybrid were created through the cross between wheat and barley. Some of the hybrid materials had been identified using chromosomes bands, in situ hybridization, molecular genetic marker, etc. What the utilization of desirable character to the barley was resistance to disease, resistance to ear sprouts, high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), etc. There are some significance of the cross between wheat and barley. For the future the gene cloning should be used, and the distant hybridization and the modern molecular breeding technology should be combined, and the rate of successful hybridization and the utilization degree of barley's superior character can be raised.