水稻超高产育种研究进展及存在问题

自20世纪60-70年代推行矮化育种和杂交水稻选育与推广以来,我国水稻单产水平有了大幅提高。为了增强单位面积土地的产出效能,80年代日本人率先提出水稻超高产育种的概念。我国水稻超高产育种始于90年代中期,并取得了一定的成果。目前超高产水稻育种已经成为稻作科学研究的一个热点。文章综述了水稻超高产育种的理论和方法研究进展:(1)新株型育种理论;(2)理想株型与杂种优势利用相结合是超高产育种的一大方向;(3)籼粳亚种间杂交是超高产育种的主要技术路线;(4)利用野生稻有利基因选育超高产组合。并指出当前水稻超高产育种存在的一些问题:(1)超高产和优质的统一问题;(2)不能实现传统育种方法与现代生物技术的有机结合;(3)超高产与抗性的统一问题。

Advance and existing problems of super high-yield breeding of rice

The per unit area yield of rice in China has been increased significantly since the rice breeding for dwarfness was extended and hybrid rice was bred and applied from 1960-1970's.In order to increase the output efficiency of per unit area land,super-high yield breeding of rice was put forward by Japanese in the 1980's firstly.The super high-yield breeding of rice in China began in the mid 1990's,and it has achieved some goals.At present,superhigh yield breeding of rice is a hot topic in cropping science of rice research.The article summarized the super high-yield breeding theory and methods of rice,and it mainly included that 1) the theory of new plant type breeding;2) the combination of ideal plant type and the utilization of heterosis is a developing trend in super high yield breeding of rice;3) the crossbreeding of indica-japonica subspecies is the main method;4) to breed super-high-yield combinations by using elite genes of wide rice.Some existing problems in super high yield breeding were pointed out as: the integration of super high yield and good grain quality;traditional breeding methods and modern biotechnology can not be integrated well,and the integration of super high yield and resistance.