旱地小麦黑膜全覆盖穴播栽培的效应与模式研究

本研究通过对黑膜、无色膜、垄作、平作、沟播等因素进行组合,探讨了旱地冬小麦地膜全覆盖穴播不同栽培模式的膜下茎和杂草发生规律、土壤温度和水分变化动态及增产增收效果。结果表明,小麦采用黑膜覆盖,自动出苗率比无色膜覆盖平均提高63.73%,膜下茎密度和鲜重分别降低74%以上和98%左右,杂草盛发期的密度和鲜重分别比无色膜覆盖降低62.03%和96.70%,比露地栽培降低70.00%和92.93%。黑膜覆盖小麦全生育期0~25 cm土壤积温比无色膜覆盖降低108.8℃,比露地降低62.9℃,但在播种至拔节阶段,比露地增加72.8℃,拔节至成熟比露地降低135.7℃。水分利用效率黑膜覆盖比无色膜覆盖提高4.48%,比露地提高45.75%。黑膜覆盖比无色膜增产3.05%,比露地增产47.81%。3种起垄方式中,垄作比平作小麦自动出苗率平均提高44.00%,沟播则降低23.80%;膜下茎密度垄作降低35.59%以上,沟播增加25.64%以上;膜下茎鲜重垄作降低30.62%以上,沟播增加12.09%以上。垄作提高土壤积温90.5℃,沟播降低23.5℃;垄作增产3.24%,沟播增产4.90%。以黑色全膜垄作穴播为最佳模式,较全膜覆土穴播自动出苗率平均提高146.93%,膜下茎密度降低98.74%以上,杂草鲜重降低99.90%以上,全生育期增加土壤积温52.0℃,水分利用效率提高10.75%,增产8.68%,节本4 020元·hm~(-2),增加纯收益5 422元·hm~(-2)。且膜面覆土量减少75%,易于清除残膜。其中通用垄沟半微垄模式具有宽窄行距的特点,较微垄模式增产3.89%,增收11.33%,并且适宜机械化作业。

Study on the effects and mode of black plastic mulch and hole seeding cultivation of winter wheat in dryland

This study selected the optimum compose of the factors that are:black plastic film,colourless plastic film,hill culture,convention planting,furrow sowing,discussed the occurrence of stem occurrence of weeds,soil temperature,soil water dynamic changes and increase production and income of plastic mulch and hole seeding cultivation of winter wheat in dryland.The results showed the treatment of black plastic mulch coverage could increase the rate of emergence by 63.73 ％ compared to the colourless plastic film,and declined the density of the stem and its fresh weight,the decreasing rate were 74％ and 98％ respectively,the major on set of density ruderal weed and its fresh weight,the decreasing rate were 62.03 ％ and 96.7 ％ respectively,and compared to the open field,the reduction rate were 70％ and 92.93 ％ respectively.Also the treatment in 0 ～ 25 cm soil layer of black plastic mulch coverage had decreased the accumulated temperature by 108.8℃ compared to colourless plastic mulch,but increased by 62.9℃ compared to open field,from sowing to jointing stage,the black plastic mulch coverage's temperature was higher than 72.8 ℃ compared to open field,from jointing to ripening,the temperature was lower than 135.7℃ compared to open field.The black plastic mulch coverage's water utilization efficiency was 4.48 ％ higher than the colourless plastic film,and 45.75 ％ higher than that of the open field.The corresponding yield was higher than 3.05 ％ and 47.81％ respectively.During the three planting methods,the treatment of ridge culture could increase the rate of emergence by 44.00％ compared to the fiat sowing but 26.14 ％ lower than that of furrow sowing.The corresponding density of the stem was 35.59％ lower than ridge culture but higher than 25.64 ％,The corresponding fresh weight of the stem was 30.62 ％ lower than ridge culture but higher than 12.09％.The ridge culture increased the accumulated temperature of 90.5 ℃,but the furrow sowing decreased the accumulated temperature of 23.5 ℃.The ridge culture and furrow sowing treatment had increased the yield of 3.24％ and 4.90％ respectively.So,the mode of black plastic mulch and hole seeding was the optimal pattern,the rate of emergence by 146％ compared to the plastic film as mulch combined with bunch planting,the density of the stem and its fresh weight with the decreasing rate were 98.74％ and 99.9 ％ respectively,between living winter stage to green stage,which could increase the accumulated temperature of 52.0℃ during the whole growing period,water use efficiency,yield,cost saving,net profit per hectare were improved by 10.75％,8.68％,4 020 yuan·hm-2 and 5 422 yuan· hm-2 respectively.Covering depth decreased by 75 ％ and easy to clear.One of the trait that the general haif micro mode had the wide and narrow row planting,and the yield and improved by 3.89 ％,11.33 ％ respectively,and suit to mechanized operation.