Postoperative analgesic effects of either a constant rate infusion of fentanyl,lidocaine, ketamine,dexmedetomidine, or the combination lidocaine‐ketamine‐dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs |
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| Authors: | Eduardo Gutierrez‐Blanco José M Victoria‐Mora José A Ibancovichi‐Camarillo Carlos H Sauri‐Arceo Manuel E Bolio‐González Carlos M Acevedo‐Arcique Gabriela Marin‐Cano Paulo VM Steagall |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yucatan Autonomous University, Merida, Mexico;2. Department of Veterinary Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mexico State Autonomous University, Toluca, Mexico;3. Department of Veterinary Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mexico State Autonomous University, Toluca, Mexico;4. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint‐Hyacinthe, QC, Canada |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveTo evaluate the postoperative analgesic effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of either fentanyl (FENT), lidocaine (LIDO), ketamine (KET), dexmedetomidine (DEX), or the combination lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (LKD) in dogs.Study designRandomized, prospective, blinded, clinical study.AnimalsFifty-four dogs.MethodsAnesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Treatments were intravenous (IV) administration of a bolus at start of anesthesia, followed by an IV CRI until the end of anesthesia, then a CRI at a decreased dose for a further 4 hours: CONTROL/BUT (butorphanol 0.4 mg kg?1, infusion rate of saline 0.9% 2 mLkg?1 hour?1); FENT (5 μg kg?1, 10 μg kg?1hour?1, then 2.5 μg kg?1 hour?1); KET (1 mgkg?1, 40 μg kg?1 minute?1, then 10 μg kg?1minute?1); LIDO (2 mg kg?1, 100 μg kg?1 minute?1, then 25 μg kg?1 minute?1); DEX (1 μgkg?1, 3 μg kg?1 hour?1, then 1 μg kg?1 hour?1); or a combination of LKD at the aforementioned doses. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated using the Glasgow composite pain scale, University of Melbourne pain scale, and numerical rating scale. Rescue analgesia was morphine and carprofen. Data were analyzed using Friedman or Kruskal–Wallis test with appropriate post-hoc testing (p < 0.05).ResultsAnimals requiring rescue analgesia included CONTROL/BUT (n = 8), KET (n = 3), DEX (n = 2), and LIDO (n = 2); significantly higher in CONTROL/BUT than other groups. No dogs in LKD and FENT groups received rescue analgesia. CONTROL/BUT pain scores were significantly higher at 1 hour than FENT, DEX and LKD, but not than KET or LIDO. Fentanyl and LKD sedation scores were higher than CONTROL/BUT at 1 hour.Conclusions and clinical relevanceLKD and FENT resulted in adequate postoperative analgesia. LIDO, CONTROL/BUT, KET and DEX may not be effective for treatment of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. |
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| Keywords: | analgesia constant rate infusion dog pain scales |
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