Potential applications of indirect electrochemical ammonia oxidation within the operation of freshwater and saline-water recirculating aquaculture systems |
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| Institution: | 1. Wageningen University, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. IMARES Wageningen UR — Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies, Department of Aquaculture, P.O. Box 77, 4400 AB Yerseke, The Netherlands;1. Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland;2. Department of Industrial Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;3. Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;4. Department of Water and Wastewater Technologies, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland;5. Department of Sanitary Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland;6. Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China;7. Institute of Biosystems Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;8. Department of Agricultural Machines and Transport, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;1. Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua Section for Aquaculture, Hirtshals, Denmark;2. Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | The paper addresses two potential applications for electrochemical ammonia oxidation within the operation of recirculating aquaculture systems, in which nearly complete removal of N species is required. In one described application, a physical–chemical ammonia oxidation method is suggested to entirely replace conventional biological treatment methods (i.e. nitrification/denitrification). The second described method is suggested as a final polishing step for removing ammonia from effluents of denitrification reactors supplied with intrinsic organic matter, prior to the discharge of the water. Empirical results and cost assessment are reported for the second alternative, while the first, which was recently published, is discussed with respect to improvements, operational conditions and field tests required to induce its commercial application. The polishing alternative was shown capable of efficiently removing TAN in the effluents of RAS denitrification reactors fed with intrinsic organic solids. The cost for treating denitrification reactor effluents with TAN concentration of 10 mgN/L was estimated at 6.67 cent/m3 of discharged water. Since the chloride ion concentration in seawater and in most brackish waters is high, combining the intrinsic organic carbon denitrification process with subsequent ammonia polishing by electrochemically produced active chlorine may be a competitive approach for the removal of nitrogen species from seawater and brackish water RAS. |
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| Keywords: | RAS Electrochemical treatment TAN Polishing step Denitrification |
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