单核苷酸多态性及其在海洋动物遗传研究中的应用

单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphisms，SNPs）是基因组水平上单个核苷酸变异所引起的DNA序列多态性，是继限制性片段长度多态性、微卫星标记之后的第三代分子标记。最初SNPs主要应用在人类重要疾病的关联性研究中，随着检测技术不断提高以及各种生物SNP数据库的不断完善，其逐渐被应用于遗传图谱的构建、群体遗传学、亲缘关系、关联分析和基因功能分析等方面。文章主要介绍了SNPs的发生、特点及常用检测方法，综述了SNPs在海洋生物遗传学中的研究进展，以期将SNPs更好地应用到海洋经济动物遗传育种中。

Single nucleotide polymorphisms and their application in genetic studies on marine organisms

Single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs）, the DNA polymorphisms generated by single nucleotide variations at genomic level, are the third-generation DNA markers following restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP） and simple sequence repeats （SSR）. SNPs were originally used in the analysis of the relation between diseases and single nueleotide mutation in human disease studies. With rapid development of detection methods and improvement of relevant databases, SNPs have been extensively used in a wide range of genetic studies including genetic maps construction, population genetics, genetic relationship, association studies and gene function analysis. In this review, the occurrence, characteristics, detection methods and applications of SNPs in genetic studies on marine organisms are summarized, which is expected to better apply SNPs in the genetics-assisted breeding of marine aquaculture animals.