基于家畜生产优化管理模型的家庭牧场可持续发展研究

以内蒙古四子王旗的典型草原和荒漠草原两种草地类型的家庭牧场为研究对象,通过对牧户的实地问卷调查、模型模拟分析和文献查阅研究,深入剖析牧户家庭的草场参数、家畜参数、饲料参数、气象参数和经济参数等,利用模型模拟计算出草地生长速率、草畜能量平衡状况和经济效益收支现状,以期为指导当地的家庭牧场可持续经营提出可靠依据。结果表明：四子王旗牧草生长周期较短,夏季典型草原牧草生长速率大于荒漠草原,冬季两种类型草地牧草的抗寒能力较差,牧草大部分停止生长,地上部分基本枯死,家畜利用新鲜牧草得到的能量主要集中在夏秋牧草生长季节。中小牧户是草原超载过牧的主体,草地面积越小的牧户,其家畜载畜率越高。草料费支出与家畜载畜率也呈正相关关系,草料费支出越多,载畜率越高。典型草原区和荒漠草原区都呈现出夏季仅有短时间的草地供给能量大于家畜自身能量需求,可以满足家畜良好的生长状态;冬季寒冷且漫长,能量摄入量较低,典型草原地区在1月产羔期能量缺值高达10.5 MJ/（羊单位·d）,荒漠草原地区能量缺值高达9.5 MJ/（羊单位·d）。适当调整家畜载畜率有利于四子王旗地区家庭牧场提高草地综合生产能力和增加农牧民经济收入。

Study on Sustainable Development of Family Rangelands Based on Livestock Production Optimization Management Model

The family rangelands distributed in two grassland types of typical steppe and dessert steppe in Siziwang Banner of Inner Mongolia were used as research objects in this study.By field investigation of herdsmen,establishment of simulation analysis modeling and consultation of literatures,the parameters of grassland,livestock,feed,meteorology and economy were thoroughly assessed,and the grassland growth rate,energy balance status between forage and livestock as well as economic benefit were simulated,in hoping to provide reliable basis for guiding the sustainable management of local family rangelands.The results showed that the forage growth cycle in Siziwang Banner was relatively short.In summer,the forage growth rate in typical steppe area was higher than that in desert steppe area.The forage in the two types of grassland had poor cold-resistant capability,the growth of the most forage was hardly observed,and the above-ground parts of the forage were basically dead during winter time.Accordingly,for the raised livestock,energy obtained from the fresh forage was mainly concentrated in summer and autumn which were the forage growing seasons.Small-and medium-sized family rangelands were the main body of grassland overload.The smaller the grassland management area,the higher the stocking rate.There was also a positive correlation between forage expenditure and stocking rate.Both typical steppe area and desert steppe area showed that the short-term energy supply of grassland in summer was greater than the energy demand of livestock,and met the good growth condition of livestock.The winter was cold and long,and the energy intake of the livestock was low.The energy shortage during the lambing period in January was as high as 10.5 MJ/SE·d in typical steppe area,and that was as high as 9.5 MJ/SE·d in desert steppe area in the same duration.In conclusion,appropriately adjusting the stocking rate is conducive to the improvement of grassland comprehensive production capacity and the economic income of family rangelands in Siziwang Banner.