林木遗传转化及其潜在生态风险研究进展

林木遗传转化技术近些年来得到了较大的发展,集中表现在转基因技术和目的基因两个方面。前者主要表现为多种措施联合使用,提高了遗传转化率;后者主要表现为应用于林木遗传转化的目的基因数量逐年增多,从原来的抗虫基因发展到现在的多个目的基因:木质素改良基因、花发育相关基因、生长相关基因及抗污染基因等;这些基因在不同的树种均有遗传转化成功的例子。转基因林木潜在生态风险研究主要集中在:基因的水平转移、基因的垂直流动及转基因对昆虫的影响等方面。初步的试验结果和理论分析认为,转基因林木的大田释放具有一定的生态潜在风险,需要对这种风险进行更深入、精确的评估。林木遗传工程及其生态安全性的研究需进一步努力解决的问题包括:1)林木遗传转化效率相对较低,特别是针叶树种,建立转基因体系还比较困难;2)林木树体高大,生长周期很长,外源基因在转基因植株中的时空表达特性还有待继续深入研究;3)比较系统的转基因林木田间释放和生态安全性试验数量还很少。

Researches Progress on Forest Transformation and Related Potential Ecological Risks

Forest tree transformation has been developed with a greater extension since it is used for forest tree breeding.The developments mainly focusd on the techniques for gene-transferring and target genes.The progresses of the techniques are that many measures have been used in the same process resulting that the efficiency of transformation are heightened in different degrees.The developments of target gene show that the number of target gene increase gradually year on year from original anti-insect gene to many genes used respectively for improving lignin,flower development,growth,anti-pollution and so forth.These genes have been transformed triumphantly in different tree species.The studies on potential ecological risks mainly focus on the horizontal transfer and upright transfer of transferred genes and its affects on insects.The primary tests and theoretic analysis result in that there are certain potential ecological rises when the transgenic trees are planted in the field.Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the rises more deeply and precisely.The problems need to be solved further in the research of forest tree gene engineering and its ecological security involve: 1) the transformation efficiency is relatively lower,especially needle tree;2) the expressing characteristics of foreign genes in time-space need to be explored further because of the high-big body and long growth period of forest tree;3) increasing of systemic field-test for evaluating the security in revealing transgenic tree to field.