轻量化玉米垄作免耕播种机设计与试验

针对目前东北地区的免耕播种机主要依靠自重增加下压力来保证开沟深度的问题,设计了2BQM-2型轻量化玉米垄作免耕播种机,重量为一般免耕播种机的一半,可减轻对土壤的压实。轻量化垄作免耕播种机采用悬挂方式与拖拉机联结成作业机组,利用拖拉机液压系统的位置调节法来控制破茬深度。为了验证作业机组的工作性能,田间试验以播种机速度、播种深度、秸秆覆盖量为试验因素,以免耕播种机的工作阻力和粒距合格率为试验指标,进行三因素五水平二次回归正交试验。试验结果得到的最佳工况组合为:播种机速度为1.21 m/s,播种深度为4.96 cm,秸秆覆盖量为0.73 kg/m2时,播种机工作阻力为3.62 k N,粒距合格率为93.63%。经过对免耕播种机优化设计有效减轻了免耕播种机的重量,减少了机器的制造成本和工作时对土壤的压实,降低了能耗。经田间测量镇压轮压实土壤的深度平均为10 mm,相对现有的垄台被压平的机具,工作效果良好。

Design and Experiment on Lightweight Maize Ridge Planting No-tillage Planter

At present, no-tillage planters in Northeast China mainly depend on the weight to increase pressure to ensure the ditching depth. Aiming at this, a lightweight 2BQM-2 type maize ridge planter was designed. Its weight was half of the general no-tillage planter, so as to reduce the soil compaction. The new lightweight no-tillage planter was connected with a tractor to be a operating unit by hydraulic hitch equipment. The operating unit used the hydraulic structure of the tractor and the mechanical structure of the planter to jointly adjust the stubble breaking depth, seeding depth and depth stability. In order to verify the performance of the operation unit and get the best combination of working conditions, a quadratic orthogonal rotary composite experiment was designed with the planter speed, seeding depth and straw coverage quantity as experiment factors to evaluate tillage resistance of the planter and qualified rate of seed spacing. The optimum working conditions were as follows: the planter speed was 1.21m/s, the sowing depth was 4.96cm, and the straw coverage was 0.73kg/m2, the working resistance of the seeder was 3.62kN, and the seed-distance qualified rate was 93.63%. The validation test results showed that the test indexes met the requirements of the national industry standards. It proved that it was feasible to use the hydraulic system of tractor to exert the pressure on the stubble breaking device of the seeder. Through the optimum design, the weight of no-tillage planter was effectively reduced, the manufacturing cost of the machine and the energy consumption were reduced. By field measurements, the average soil depth of the compacted wheel was 10mm. It had satisfactory efficiency compared with the machines which flattened ridges. It can provide scientific basis and method of evaluation and improvement of maize no-tillage planter in Northeast China.