旱作棉田渗水地膜覆盖的生态及产量效应研究

采用地膜创新产品——渗水地膜,以普通地膜及露地为对照,对渗水地膜覆盖棉田后土壤水分、温度、通透性等生态因子的变化及其对棉花生理性状及产量的影响进行了初步探讨。结果表明:(1)渗水地膜覆盖除具有普通地膜的增温、保水、提墒以及改善土壤理化性状等作用外,更具有普通地膜所不具有的从膜面垂直入渗降水的作用,使全生育期土壤含水量具较高水平,水分供应充足,同时,由于渗水地膜的微通气作用,使土壤容重降低,孔隙度提高,气相比例增加,土壤通透性增强,土壤温度较为稳定。(2)渗水地膜覆盖进一步改善了棉田土壤水分、温度及通透性等生态环境,为棉花生长发育和产量形成提供了良好的生活条件。从多项生理指标的变化看出,棉花植株抗逆性增强。渗水地膜进一步提高了棉花覆盖栽培的增产潜力。(3)在北部特早熟棉区降水较多的年景下,渗水地膜覆盖棉花产量比露地增产22.3%,比普通地膜增产12.1%,增产效果显著。渗水地膜比普通地膜增产主要在于铃重的增加,普通地膜比露地的增产主要得益于衣分的提高,渗水地膜比露地的增产是得益于铃重及衣分的共同作用。渗水地膜与普通地膜相比并未增加投资。(4)在同等条件下,渗水地膜总耗水量比露地降低10.1%,比普通地膜降低6.5%。水分利用率比露地提高36.7%,比普通地膜提高20.7%,此结果对北方半干旱地区旱作棉花提高降水利用率及新疆内陆棉区灌溉条件下的棉田节水均有重要参考价值。

Studies of Ecological and Yield Effect of Water-osmosis Plastic Membrane in Rainfed Cotton Field

The experiment studied on some ecologic factors of cotton by water-osmosis plastic membrane (WOPM), and which effect on physiological properties and the yield of cotton that have engaged in initial studies. The result showed that : 1. The water content of soil covered by WOPM was higher than the other two seeding methods , which due to WOPM could make rain penetrate into soil , and prevent water evaporation from top soil. WOPM increased soil temperature, modified the maximum temperature for soil, ventilated soil, and facilitated soil ventilation, and to make soil structure rationally and soil moisture steadily. 2. WOPM improved to ecologic environment of cotton field. Cotton plant resistance to stress heightened under WOPM, cotton covered by WOPM improved further the latent potentialities for increasing production. 3. In the early-maturing cotton region of the northern part of China, the yield of ginned cotton covered by WOPM was higher than the other two treatments. In the familiar condition to those of the experiment, the yield of lint covered by WOPM was 22.3 percent higher t than that of covered by traditional plastic film, was 12.1 percent higher than that of the cotton uncovered, and the main reason was improved lint. 4. In the same conditions, the total amount water consumption of cotton covered by WOPM was lower than that of the other two treatments. Water utilization was higher than that of the other two seeding methods.