香蕉果实中杀菌剂的残留、分布与膳食评估

为掌握常用杀菌剂在香蕉中的残留和分布情况以及对消费人群的膳食风险,测定344份香蕉样品中14个杀菌剂残留,分析其在果实中的残留分布,评估其对成人和1~6岁儿童的急性和慢性膳食风险以及现有最大残留限量（maximum residue level, MRL）对消费者的保护水平。结果表明,56.10%全果样品和25.58%的果肉样品中检出杀菌剂残留,全果中共检出13种杀菌剂,吡唑醚菌酯（32.27%）的检出率最高,果肉中共检出11种杀菌剂,氟唑菌酰胺（9.88%）的检出率最高。根据我国MRL判定,香蕉中腈苯唑超限量2次,吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲环唑和氟唑菌酰胺各超限量1次。云南产区香蕉和香牙蕉品种的农药残留风险最高。只有11份样品果肉中杀菌剂的残留量高于全果（占5.70%）,果肉中的残留量是全果的1.14~2.03倍。其余香蕉样品中检出杀菌剂在果肉中的残留量显著低于全果。香蕉果肉中杀菌剂的慢性、急性膳食风险以及累积风险均小于100%,说明通过香蕉摄入的杀菌剂残留不会对人体产生健康风险。我国制定的香蕉中各类杀菌剂MRL值对消费者慢性膳食风险的保护水平普遍较高（1~1354倍）,但氟硅唑、咪鲜胺和抑霉唑对成人和儿童以及吡唑醚菌酯对儿童的急性膳食风险的保护水平很低（小于1倍）,达不到保护作用。

Residue and Distribution of Fungicides in Banana Fruits and Dietary Risk Assessment

To evaluate the residue and distribution of fungicides in banana fruits and dietary risk for consumers, 344 banana samples were determined for 14 fungicides and the residue distribution in whole banana fruits and pulp were analyzed. The chronic and acute dietary risks for adult and children (1-6 years) and protection level of existing fungicide maximum residue levels (MRLs) to consumer in China were also calculated. The results indicated that 56.10% of the whole banana samples and 25.58% of the pulp samples contained one or more fungicides residues. There were 13 fungicides detected in whole banana samples and the most frequently detected fungicide was pyraclostrobin with the detection rate of 32.27%. 11 kinds of fungicides were detected in the pulp samples and the most frequently detected fungicide was fluxapyroxad with the detection rate of 9.88%. According to the MRLs in China, fenbuconazole in two whole banana samples, pyraclostrobin in one whole banana sample, difenoconazole in one whole banana sample and fluxapyroxad in one whole banana sample exceeded the MRLs. More attention should be paid on the banana samples of Yunnan producing area and of the banana variety (Musa AAA group Cavendish) because the risk of pesticide residue in the banana samples were the highest. Among 11 banana samples (only 5.70% for 192 positive samples), the fungicides residues in the pulp were 1.14-2.03 times higher than those in the whole banana of the same sample. Among other positive samples, pesticide residue levels in the pulp were much lower than those in the whole banana fruits of the same sample. The results of dietary risk assessment showed that the chronic and acute dietary risks of all detected fungicides in the pulp for Chinese adult and children (1-6 years) were both far below 100%. The cumulative dietary risks of trizoles, imidazoles, succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI), benzenamides and strobilurin in the pulp for Chinese adult and children (1-6 years) were all far below 100%. It’s indicated that there was no unacceptable risk of detected fungicides to human health through banana consumption. The consumer protection level (CPL) of exiting fungicides MRLs were high (1-1354 times) for chronic dietary risk. However, CPL of exiting flusilazole, prochloraz, imazalil MRLs to adults and to children (1-6 years) and pyraclostrobin MRL to children (1-6 years) for acute dietary risk was lower than one fold. Thus, the exiting Chinese MRLs of the above fungicides can’t play the role of protection for adults or children in the aspect of acute dietary risk.