杨梅中4种农药残留的膳食风险评估及家庭清洗去除效果

为明确杨梅中农药残留风险及去除效果，利用QuEChERS样品前处理方法结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS) 法测定了来自市场流通和生产环节的239个批次杨梅样品中检出率和残留量相对较高的4种农药 (2,4-D、咪鲜胺、嘧菌酯和多菌灵)残留量。采用点评估方法评价了杨梅中4种农药的膳食暴露风险，并分别选择清水冲洗和盐水浸泡2种清洗方式模拟农药残留去除试验。结果表明:农药检出率由高到低分别为多菌灵 (30%)、嘧菌酯 (25%)、咪鲜胺 (23%) 和2,4-D (1.7%)，其残留量范围分别为2,4-D 0.01~0.05 mg/kg、咪鲜胺0.011~1.5 mg/kg、嘧菌酯0.011~1.8 mg/kg和多菌灵0.012~4.3 mg/kg，4种农药的残留中值均为0.01 mg/kg。慢性风险评估结果表明，总膳食慢性风险商(RQc)由高到低分别为咪鲜胺 (0.82)、多菌灵 (0.57)、2,4-D (0.50) 和嘧菌酯 (0.011)，4种农药通过杨梅膳食摄入的风险商分别为0.09%、0.09%、0.38%和0.59%。急性风险评估结果表明，3种农药的急性风险商(RQa)由高到低分别为多菌灵 (3.93)、咪鲜胺 (1.12)、2,4-D (0.001)，其中多菌灵和咪鲜胺急性风险商大于1。农药残留去除试验结果表明，清水冲洗1 min比盐水浸泡20 min对农药残留的去除效果好，其中，多菌灵、2,4-D、嘧菌酯和咪鲜胺的去除率分别为70.8%、49.9%、47.5%和23.9%，多菌灵的急性风险商由原来的3.93降为1.15，咪鲜胺的急性风险商由1.12降为0.85 (风险可接受)。

Dietary risk assessment of 4 pesticides residue in bayberries and effect of houshold washing method on residue removal

To study the dietary risk of pesticides residue in bayberries and effect of houshold washing method on residue removal, 4 pesticides (2,4-D, prochloraz, azoxystrobin and carbendazim) residue in 239 batches of bayberry samples collected from markets and production frams were determined by QuEChERS sample pretreatment method and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and results showed high detection rates and residue amount in bayberry. The study evaluated the potential dietary risk of four pesticides using point estimation (PE) method. Two commonly used household cleaning methods (rinsing in water and soaking in NaCl solution) were compared to simulate pesticide residue removal experiments, aiming to provide safety consumption suggestions for consumers. The detection rate from high to low were carbendazim (30%), azoxystrobin (25%), prochloraz (23%) and 2,4-D (1.7%). The results showed that the residues were ranged in 2,4-D 0.01-0.05 mg/kg, prochloraz 0.011-1.5 mg/kg, azoxystrobin 0.011-1.8 mg/kg and carbendazim 0.012-4.3 mg/kg, respectively. The median residues of 4 pesticides were all 0.01 mg/kg. The total dietary chronic risk quotients from high to low were prochloraz(0.82), carbendazim(0.57), 2,4-D(0.50) and azoxystrobin(0.011), and the chronic risk proportion of prochloraz, carbendazim, 2,4-D and azoxystrobin in total dietary chronic risk were 0.09%, 0.09%, 0.38% and 0.59%, respectively. However, the acute risk quotients of carbendazim, prochloraz and 2,4-D were 3.93, 1.12 and 0.001, respectively, which showed the acute risk quotient for carbendazim and prochloraz exceeded the safety limt. The overall results showed that rinsing in water for 1 min had better pesticide residue removal effect than soaking in NaCl for 20 min. The pesticide removal rates of carbendazim, 2,4-D, azoxystrobin, and prochloraz were 70.8% 49.9%, 47.5% and 23.9%, respectively. The acute risk quotients of carbendazim distinctly decreased from 3.93 to 1.15, and prochloraz decreased from 1.12 to 0.85, respectively.