纳米材料在缓控释肥中的应用研究进展

缓控释肥料是采用物理、化学或物理化学的方法对速效性化肥进行改性，从而实现养分缓慢释放或控制释放的新型肥料，不仅能满足植物整个生长期的养分需求，还可以提高肥料利用率、降低环境风险，是农业绿色发展的重要保障。纳米材料具有尺寸小、表面积大以及界面效应显著等特性，其在缓控释肥中的应用已成为当前缓控释肥料领域的研究热点。本文分别综述了纳米氧化物、纳米纤维素、纳米碳和纳米粘土等主要纳米材料在缓控释肥中的添加技术和应用效果。物理共混、化学接枝、浸渍吸附等是纳米材料改性缓控释肥的常用技术手段，纳米材料发挥的最重要功能是疏水性、吸附性、保水性、环境响应性和自修复性。纳米材料表面丰富的官能团、物理交联点或微纳米凸起的形成等是提高缓控释效果的关键因素。拓展天然有机纳米材料、探寻简单高效的改性方法、明确相应缓控释肥的养分释放及性能调控机制是今后研究的重要方向。

Research progress on nano-materials application in slow/controlled-release fertilizers

Slow/controlled-release fertilizers refer to those fertilizers which are modified by physical, chemical, or physico-chemical methods to slow or control nutrients release. Slow/controlled-release fertilizers have been proved of better meeting the nutrient requirements of plants, improving the utilization efficiencies of nutrients, and reducing environmental risks, so their application is an important way to the attainment of agricultural green development. Nano-materials have the characteristics of small size, large surface area and significant interfacial effect, so as to be used for slow/controlled-release fertilizers. We separately overviewed the research and application of slow/controlled-release fertilizers containing nano-oxide, nano-cellulose, nano-carbon and nano-clay, etc. Physical blending, chemical grafting and impregnation-adsorption are the main methods for producing slow/controlled-release fertilizers containing nano-materials. The important functions of nano-materials are hydrophobicity, adsorption, water retention, environmental responsiveness, and self-repair in slow/controlled-release fertilizer. Abundant functional groups, physical cross-linking points and micro/nano bulges of nano-materials are the key factors to improve the slow/controlled-release effect. Developing low-cost natural organic nano-materials, exploring simple and efficient modification methods, and clarifying performance regulation mechanism of nano-materials are still needed in the future.