转基因作物环境安全性研究进展

随着转基因作物在全球范围内的广泛应用,转基因作物的环境安全性问题日益受到重视,科研工作者们对此开展了大量的研究工作。本文对近年来这方面的研究成果进行了综述,主要内容包括:1)转基因作物的杂草化问题,这里面又包含两层含义,一是转基因作物自身的杂草化问题,多数研究表明转基因并没有提高作物的生存竞争能力,在没有选择压力的自然条件下,即使转入了抗病抗逆基因,转基因植株的生存竞争能力也没有增加,因此杂草化的可能性很小;二是转基因作物通过基因漂移使得同种或近缘野生种或得某种抗性而成为更加难以防除的“超级杂草”,由于不同植物种间杂交能力不同,外源基因转移并稳定遗传的几率受到多种因素的影响,不同作物的风险性也不同,因此必须经过长期的监测才能得出科学的结论;2)转基因作物对作物遗传多样性、物种多样性及生态系统多样性的影响:多数观点认为转基因作物会通过基因漂移,外来基因在农家品种或野生种中固定及其竞争优势导致遗传多样性减少乃至丧失,也有观点认为,从长远看,转基因作物将会增加作物的生产力,从而少用农田,少用农药,有助于保护生物多样性;转基因作物对物种多样性的影响正反两方面的报道均有,有待进一步的研究,尤其是研究分析方法亟待规范;转基因作物对生态系统多样性的影响仍在研究争论之中,尚无定论。

Advances Study on Environmental Safety of Transgenic Crops

World-wide growing of transgenic crops brought about the issue of biosafety. The environmental safety of transgenic crops is a very important and subtle aspect. There are a lot of studies in this field home and abroad recently. In this paper we reviewed these research results from the following aspects: 1)weediness of genetically modified crops, including the risks of weediness of transgenic plant itself and the genesis of "super weeds" through gene flow: present research results indicated that the transgene itself, even the transferred gene is related to adaptability when there is no any choice stress, wouldn't increase the survival ability of transgenic plants, therefore the risks of weediness of transgenic crops are very remote;because the crossing rates of interspecies are influenced by lots of factors the gene flow of transgenic crops should be supervised in a long term; 2) the effect of transgenic crops on genetic diversity?species diversity and ecosystem diversity: there are positive and negative results, definite conclusions still couldn't be obtained, and the proper method of study and analysis should be established.