化肥氮用量对日光温室黄瓜产量、抗病性及土壤硝态氮的影响

在河北省高邑县后哨营黄瓜集约化种植区采用小区试验方法,在菜农基施玉米秸秆30 t/hm2(N、P2O5和K2O携入量分别为208.4、62.8和361.6 kg/hm2)基础上,研究不同化肥氮用量对日光温室冬春茬黄瓜产量、抗病性及根层0～40 cm土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明,30 t/hm2玉米秸秆配施450 kg/hm2化肥N模式的黄瓜产量、经济效益、化肥氮农学利用率达最高,分别为169.74 t/hm2、33.05万元/hm2、39.2 kg/kg;较农民习惯施肥节N 61.4%、节P2O532.2%和节K2O 33.9%,增产34.9%、增收40.8%;本试验条件下,基施秸秆30 t/hm2的基础上,配施化肥N的适宜用量为370～450 kg/hm2;采收期适宜黄瓜产量建成的根层(0～40 cm)土壤硝态氮需求农学阈值为N 105.9 kg/hm2。农民习惯施肥量严重超出黄瓜养分需求量,土壤NPK比例失调,黄瓜抗病能力下降,习惯施肥区较化肥N用量450～750 kg/hm2各处理黄瓜采收期病+死株率增加了39.7～49.2个百分点,而且根层土壤硝态氮出现显著积累并存在淋失风险。

Yields and diseases resistances of cucumber and NO3--N contents in soils as affected by chemical N rates

This study was conducted to determine the effects of chemical N rates on yields and income of cucumber,and NO3——N contents in soils under greenhouse condition by the field experiment in Gaoyi county in Hebei province,based on 30 t/hm2 maize straws basal application.The results showed that the highest cucumber yield,income and N agronomic efficiency were obtained at chemical N rate of 450 kg/hm2,with cucumber yield increase being 34.9%,income increase being 40.8%,and the diseased plant rate decrease being 39.7 percentage points compared with the farmer conventional fertilizer management.The threshold of root-zone soil NO3——N content was 105.9 kg/hm2.The proper chemical N rates of greenhouse cucumber ranged from 370 to 450 kg/hm2 under this experimental condition.