丘陵山区农户尺度宅基地空间重构

宅基地空间重构是优化城乡土地利用格局、促进乡村地域系统全面振兴和乡村现代化治理的有效途径。为了揭示农村宅基地利用中的乡村主体特征和行为差异，引导不同利用需求的宅基地实现差异化重构，该研究以土地适宜性评价为基础，结合农户宅基地的个体利用特征和发展需求，构建了村域农户尺度的宅基地空间重构分析框架，并以中国西南丘陵山区典型村域重庆市石柱县坪坝村为例进行实证研究，总结丘陵山区农户宅基地空间重构的基本模式，探讨农户宅基地差异化利用对宅基地空间布局优化的影响。结果表明：1）从规模来看，坪坝村有53.07%的宅基地分布在高适宜区，28.81%的宅基地零星分布在不适宜区。2）从数量来看，坪坝村有143个宅基地存在利用和发展障碍，占宅基地总数的48.97%，主要限制因素集中在宅基地集聚程度、用地标准、耕作半径和出行时间等方面。3）在布局适宜性评价基础之上，考虑农户对宅基地的差异化利用因素后，坪坝村需要重构的宅基地数量增加了1倍，规模增加了2倍。4）坪坝村宅基地重构类型可分为保留型、就地重建型、就近整合型、生产搬迁型和出行改善型5种类型，并存在搬迁模式、整合模式和置换模式3种重构模式。该研究综合宅基地的布局适宜性和重构迫切性，提出了农户尺度的宅基地空间重构方案，可为丘陵山区乡村国土空间优化提供理论与技术支撑。

Spatial reconstruction of rural homestead in hilly and mountainous areas using peasant household scale

Homestead reconstruction is one of the most effective means to govern rural planning. Traditional research cannot fully consider the individual differences of rural homesteads, easily leading to uneven spatial development, and even social and economic problems. In this study, a novel framework of rural settlement was reconstructed to integrate the land suitability and reconstruction urgency of rural homesteads. The individual differences were considered in the rural homesteads using a questionnaire survey in Pingba Village, Chongqing City, in southwest China. This framework combined the differentiated characteristics of rural homesteads, in terms of the concentration ratio, utilization status, livelihood, travel convenience, and willingness to relocate. A comprehensive evaluation index was established to divide the rural homesteads into different reconstruction types. Participatory rural assessment (PRA) was selected to conduct the questionnaire survey in all 292 peasant households living in the study area. The results show that: 1) more than half of the rural settlements were distributed in the high-suitability areas before reconstruction. A trend of agglomeration was found under the complex terrain and location conditions in the mountainous areas. 2) The number and scale of rural homesteads were expanded three times that need to be optimized in the study area after considering individual differences, compared with only land suitability. The newly added rural homesteads shared the land suitability, but there was low utilization or a conflict between the expected production output and lifestyle. 143 rural homesteads were then determined to be optimized using reconstruction, according to their own utilization problems. The obstacles of these homesteads were identified, in terms of the utilization status, travel convenience, and concentration ratio. 3) The land suitability and individual needs were comprehensively considered to divide into five types: the retained, locally rebuilt, integrated, production-, and travel-based relocated homestead. The proportions of the five types of homesteads were 34.79%, 22.89%, 9.04%, 16.94%, and 16.34%, respectively. Furthermore, the types were varied in the different reconstruction needs. Among them, the retained homesteads were the fundamental reconstruction. Production- and travel-based relocated homesteads needed to be optimized and reconstructed after relocation. 4) The five types of homesteads constituted of three optimization modes: relocation, integration, and space replacement. The new spatial pattern of rural settlements was established after rebuilding, relocating, and replacing the five types. Finally, 10.34 hm² of construction land resources were saved after optimization, which was far greater than the amount of the conserved when considering only the land suitability. The integration and replacement modes were added to produce the more complex reconstruction of rural homesteads within the village, compared with the simple demolition and relocation. The rural homesteads were shifted from areas of low or no suitability into high ones, indicating the increasing number. Therefore, the larger scale of rural homesteads in the regions with the higher suitability was conducive to the realization of a new pattern with the moderately centralized residency in the mountainous villages. The reconstruction significantly improved the level of agricultural suitability in the rural homesteads, fully meeting the differentiated needs of farmers for utilization. The finding can provide a new perspective on rural planning and space governance. An exploratory tool can be expected for rural space optimization, considering the influence of individual differences in the rural homesteads on the rural reconstruction plans.