桑树多倍体鉴定和育种研究现状

近年来发现桑属植物存在14条染色体的2倍体(2n=2x=14)物种,而过去认为桑树2倍体有28条染色体(2n=2x=28),这些研究引起对桑属植物染色体组基数的关注。本文概述在植物多倍体研究中细胞学和分子技术的最新进展和应用;总结桑树多倍体类型、形成原因、表型效应及其生产应用;介绍桑树4倍体、3倍体的人工诱变创制技术,包括诱变处理方法、诱变后的管理、诱变体的选择、3倍体的人工有性杂交培育等,以及桑树多倍体的鉴定方法。指出采用物理和化学方法诱导与杂交育种技术结合是桑树多倍体育种的关键技术。提出多倍体育种今后研究的主要方向,为桑树多倍体育种和应用研究提供理论参考。

Research Status Quo in Polyploid Identification and Breeding in Mulberry (Morus/ spp.)

In recent years,the plants(Morus notabilis Schneid) with 14 chromosomes (2n=2x=14) was found as diploid in genus Morus/, however, the diploid of genus Morus/ referred to 28 chromosomes (2n=2x=28) before.Therefore, the basic chromosome numbers have been considered again in the genus Morus/. This article provided an overview of the latest developments and applications of cytological and molecular techniques in research of plant polyploid,summary of mulberry polyploid types, causes, phenotypic effect and its application in breeding. The artificial mutation techniques was illustrated, including mutagenic methods to induce the tetraploid and triploid plants, management and selection of mutants, hybridization for breeding artificial triploid, as well as identification of mulberry polyploid. The results showed that the physical and chemical mutagenic methods is the key technique of mulberry polyploid breeding. The problems of mulberry polyploid research was discussed for provding theoretical reference in the future.