Protest response and contingent valuation of an urban forest park in Fuzhou City,China |
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| Institution: | 1. Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara Town, Okinawa Prefecture, 903-0213, Japan;2. School of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007 PR China;1. Laboratoire d’Economie Forestière, AgroParisTech, INRA, 54000, Nancy, France;2. Université de Lorraine, 34 cours Léopold CS 25233, 54052 Nancy Cedex, France;1. Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria;2. University of Minnesota, USA;3. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, USA;4. Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, USA;1. Recreation, Parks, & Tourism Resources Program, School of Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, United States;2. Institute of Renewable Natural Resources, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines;1. College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Big Data and Urban Spatial Analytics LAB, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China;2. Center for Geospatial Analytics, College of Natural Resources, PhD in Design Program, College of Design, North Carolina State University, NC, United States;3. Key Lab of Ecology and Energy Saving in High-density Human Settlements, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China;1. Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Management, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 103012, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China;3. College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 800 Reserve Street, Stevens Point, WI, 54481, USA;4. College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China |
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| Abstract: | Urban forest parks, such as Fuzhou National Forest Park (FNFP), provide residents with landscape amenities, recreational opportunities, and interaction with nature. Understanding the recreational quality of green spaces and visitors’ behaviors and preferences is essential for effective forest park conservation strategy. We aimed to assess the recreational use and amenities of FNFP and calculate the monetary value of provided services using a contingent valuation method (CVM). A total of 249 park visitors were interviewed face-to-face based on a questionnaire using entrance fee as the payment vehicle, in October 2015 and January 2016. A considerable number of protest responses may cause selectivity bias; consequently, we used models excluding protest zeros. Sample selection models were estimated using Heckman’s two-step and full information maximum likelihood methods The average willingness-to-pay (WTP) was estimated to be 13.79 RMB (equivalent to 2.00 USD) for the unconditional model, and the lower mean values were estimated for two selectivity bias corrected models. In this case, park visitors would be willing to pay an average 11.6 RMB (equivalent to 1.69 USD) per person according to the full information maximum likelihood estimate and an average 10.96 RMB (equivalent to 1.60 USD) per person by the two-step method. Respondents’ satisfaction of forest park facilities and service significantly influenced their WTP value for forest park improvements. Socio-demographic features could not effectively discriminate the protest bidders and the other non-protest bidders. Our results suggest that protesters may value the resource less than positive bidders. The high percentage of protest respondents may be due to the current free use of FNFP and payment vehicle of entrance fee. The CVM approach takes residents’ preferences into consideration and allows the study of heterogenous socio-demographic groups; thus, our data may help to develop effective management plans for improving urban forest parks in China. |
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| Keywords: | China’s urban forest park Contingent valuation method Socio-demographic features Urban recreation Willingness-to-pay |
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