The social and economic value of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban forests in North America: A review and suggestions for future research |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;2. Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;3. B. A. Blackwell and Associates, Suite 270-18 Gostick Place, North Vancouver, BC V7 M 3G3, Canada;1. Department of Health Science and Recreation, San Jose State University, One Washington Square, SPX 212, San Jose, CA 95192, United States;2. Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, United States;3. Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University Oregon, Department of Forestry, United States;1. Geography & Environmental Studies, Ryerson University, Canada;2. Faculty of Forestry, University of New Brunswick, Canada;3. Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Canada;4. School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Canada;1. Department Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Italy;2. Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Opole University of Technology, Poland;3. Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany;4. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile;1. Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;2. Alterra/Cultural Geography, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;3. Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning, BOKU − University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 56, 1180 Vienna, Austria;4. Department of Landscape Architecture, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;5. UCD School of Geography, E004 Newman Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;6. School of Architecture, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 527, 33101 Tampere, Finland;7. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;8. Department of Geography and Regional Studies, Alpen Adria University of Klagenfurt, Universitätsstrasse 65-67, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria;1. Swedish Biodiversity Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7016, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;2. Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75 236 Uppsala, Sweden;3. Ricardo Energy & Environment, Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QR, UK;4. Department of Forest Resources Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden;5. Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;6. Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden;7. School for Forest Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 43, 739 21 Skinnskatteberg, Sweden;8. Environmental Psychology, Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden;9. Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
With the majority of the world’s human population now living in cities, urban forests provide an increasingly important range of ecosystem services, from improved air quality and climate change adaptation to better public health outcomes and increased tourism revenues. The importance of these ecosystem services in urban environments, and the central role that cities play in the lives of people around the world, have motivated various attempts to quantify the value of ecosystem services provided by urban forests. This paper reviews existing research in the fields of urban forestry, economics, sociology, and health on the value of urban ecosystem services, with a focus on cultural services, a category of ecosystem services that is of key importance to human well-being but that has suffered from a lack of empirical research. The review identified 38 studies that examined the value of mixed vegetation, 31 studies that examined the value of trees, and 43 studies that examined the value of green spaces. Psychological health is the most-studied ecosystem service category, with most research in this area focusing on the services of mixed vegetation. Social health, community economic development, and tourism are the least-studied, with most research in these areas focusing on mixed vegetation and trees. Multiple metrics were used to quantify the value of urban greenery within each ecosystem service category but only 11 metrics were assigned a monetary value. Gaps in the literature that present strong opportunities for future research include: the value of urban forests for improving social health, equitable access to ecosystem services, the impact of urban forests on community economic development, and economic valuation and green exposure metrics. We hope that this review stimulates future research in the areas highlighted and that municipalities consider including evaluations of a broad range of ecosystem services during land use planning and budgeting processes. |
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| Keywords: | Cities Cultural ecosystem services Review Sustainability Urban forests Valuation Well-being |
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