长江退捕渔民生计重构：模式、效应及建议

目的/意义]长江十年禁渔是党中央国务院为全局计、为子孙谋做出的重大决策,是贯彻落实“共抓大保护、不搞大开发”的系统工程,是渔业治理体系和治理能力现代化的先行先试,其中渔民生计重构是“退下来”后“稳得住、能致富、见成效”关键和前提。方法/过程]研究在廓清退捕渔民生计重构的内涵基础上,结合调查的典型案例考察长江退捕渔民生计重构的模式,并进一步评估分析生计重构的效应及其提升的障碍因素,最后提出更有效推进渔民生计重构的对策建议。结论/结果]（1）渔民生计重构有广义和狭义之分,前者是可持续生计分析框架下的全面考察,后者聚焦于生计路径和转产就业,至少包含替代性、适宜性、可持续性等三重含义。（2）渔民生计重构模式可归为政府主导型、渔民主导型和企业主导型等3类,政府主导型的替代性较高,而适宜性、可持续性相对不足;渔民主导型的替代性、可持续性较高,但适宜性需提升;企业主导型的替代性、适宜性、稳定性均较高,但实践较少。（3）渔民生计重构效应仍需提升,这既有内部也有外部的因素,前者体现于渔民生计资本低的客观约束和再就业意愿不高、政策博弈心理的主观原因,后者主要包括生计供给精准性不高、财政支持有限、自然资源稀缺、社会参与度低等。针对退捕渔民生计重构面临的困境,未来应从协调处理好政府与市场、短期和长期、公平与效率、保护与科学开发等4组关系为切入点,提升退捕渔民生计重构替代性、适宜性和可持续性。

Livelihood Reconstruction of Fishermen after Fishing Ban in the Yangtze River: Models,Effects and Suggestions

Purpose/Significance] The 10-year fishing ban in the Yangtze River is a great decision made by the central government based on its overall plan and for the sake of future generations. The reconstruction of fishermen's livelihood is the key and premise in this fishing ban. Method/Process] This paper took the fishermen who have moved ashore as the research object, and conducted a relatively scientific, systematic and baseline tracking study on the reconstruction of the livelihood of the fishermen after the complete ban on fishing in the Yangtze River. On the basis of clarifying the connotation of the reconstruction of the livelihood of the fishermen who moved ashore the study combined the typical cases investigated to analyze the mode, effects and countermeasures on the livelihood reconstruction of the fishermen in the Yangtze River. Results/Conclusions] Firstly, the livelihood reconstruction can be divided into broad and narrow senses. The former is a comprehensive investigation under the framework of sustainable livelihood analysis, while the latter focuses on livelihood paths and employment, and includes at least three levels of meaning of substitution, suitability, and sustainability. Secondly, the fishermen's livelihood reconstruction model can be classified into three categories including the government-led, fishermen-led and enterprise-led models. Each of the three modes has its advantages and disadvantages. At last, the fishermen's livelihood reconstruction effect still needs to be improved, which are afffected by both internal and external factors. The former is reflected in the objective constraints of low livelihood capital of fishermen, their low willingness to re-employment, and the subjective reasons of policy gaming. The latter mainly includes the inaccuracy of employment supply, limited financial support, scarcity of natural resources, and low social participation. It is necessary to fully recognize the key role of livelihood reconstruction of fishermen after the fishing ban, and strengthen theoretical research and practical exploration. In the future, the local government should start from coordinating and handling four relationships between the government and the market, short-term and long-term, fairness and efficiency, and protection and scientific development, and take multiple measures to improve the replacement, suitability and sustainability of the livelihood reconstruction of the fishermen who have moved ashore after fishing ban in the Yangtze River.