Long-term effects on tree regeneration of soil scarification with microtopography manipulation in mixed forests of central Hokkaido,northern Japan |
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Authors: | Susumu Goto Hayato Iijima Noriyuki Kimura |
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Institution: | (1) Research Division, The University Forests, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;(2) Yamanashi Forest Research Institute, 2290-1 Saisho-ji, Masuho, Yamanashi 400-0502, Japan;(3) University Forests in Hokkaido, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yamabe, Furano Hokkaido, 079-1561, Japan |
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Abstract: | Natural regeneration of canopy tree species is generally poor under a selective cutting regime practised in mixed conifer–hardwood
stands on Hokkaido, northern Japan, and is prevented by dense bamboo layers in the understory. To promote tree regeneration,
we scarified soil in ten sites, with elevations ranging from 420 to 760 m, in 1979, with a rake-equipped bulldozer to produce
three different artificial microtopographies (concave, flat, and convex). Twenty-six years after scarification, six canopy
tree species (Acer mono, Abies sachalinensis, Betula ermanii, B. maximowicziana, Kalopanax pictus, and Picea jezoensis) had become well established. Abies sachalinensis and B. ermanii regenerated at all sites. Picea jezoensis was well established in high-elevation sites, whereas other hardwood tree species (A. mono, B. maximowicziana, and K. pictus) were well established at low-elevation sites. The Betula species dominated upper layers of regenerated trees, and two conifer species (A. sachalinensis and P. jezoensis) occupied lower layers. Regenerated densities of four (of six) major tree species were positively correlated with standing
timber volume of mother trees, whereas those of shade-intolerant species (two Betula species and K. pictus) were negatively correlated with standing timber volume of all canopy trees. Small-seeded species (P. jezoensis and the two Betula species) had higher regeneration densities on convex sites than on other microtopographies. Adequate seed supply, convex
substratum for small-seeded species, and control of light conditions for shade-intolerant species should be taken into account
when planning regeneration of desirable tree species in central Hokkaido. |
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