Gas chromatography for detection of citrus infestation by fruit fly larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) |
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| Authors: | Paul E Kendra Amy L Roda Wayne S Montgomery Elena Q Schnell Jerome Niogret Nancy D Epsky Robert R Heath |
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| Institution: | 1. USDA-ARS, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158-1857, USA;2. USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Miami, FL 33158, USA;1. Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neurosciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus Monserrato, CA, Italy;2. Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Plant Protection, University of Florence, via Maragliano, 77, 50144 Firenze, Italy;3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus Monserrato, CA, Italy;1. Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA;2. Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA;3. Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden;4. Member RIFM Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA;5. Member RIFM Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany;6. Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil;7. Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany;8. Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA;9. Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA;10. Member of RIFM Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA;11. Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA;12. Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA;13. Member RIFM Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan;1. Institute of Beneficial Insects, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;2. Yantai Research Center of Crops Nutrition and Plant Protection, Sinofert Holdings Limited, Yantai 264000, China;1. Programa de Control y Erradicación de Mosca de los Frutos de San Juan (ProCEM-San Juan), Nazario Benavides 8000 Oeste (CPA J5413ZAD), Chimbas, San Juan, Argentina;2. Dirección de Sanidad Vegetal, Animal y Alimentos (DSVAA), Nazario Benavides 8000 Oeste (CPA J5413ZAD), Chimbas, San Juan, Argentina;3. LIEMEN, División Control Biológico de Plagas, PROIMI Biotecnología, Avda. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, T4001MVB San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina;4. IMCN-Diversidad de Invertebrados, Departamento de Biología, UNSJ, Av. Ignacio de la Rosa 590 Oeste; 5402, Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina;5. Programa Moscafrut SAGARPA-IICA, camino a los Cacahoatales s/n, 30860 Metapa de Dominguez, Chiapas, Mexico;1. INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas Veracruzanas 101, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91090, Mexico;2. Programa Moscafrut SAGARPA-IICA, Camino a los Cacahotales S/N, C.P. 30860 Metapa de Domínguez, Chiapas, Mexico |
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| Abstract: | Tephritid fruit flies are serious economic pests worldwide. As larvae, they feed and develop within the pulp of host fruits, making infestation difficult to detect by visual inspection. At U.S. ports of entry, incoming produce shipments are checked for infestation by manually cutting open a small sample of fruit and searching for tephritid larvae. Consequently, there is a need for more sensitive, high-throughput screening methods. This study evaluated gas chromatography (GC) as a potential technology for improved detection of hidden infestation. Grapefruits (Citrus × paradisi Macfad.) infested with immature stages of the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were examined to determine if infested fruit emitted a chemical profile distinct from that of non-infested fruit. Peaks identified by GC analysis were grouped into three classes. Chemicals detected in similar quantities in all samples, or slightly elevated in infested samples, were regarded as non-diagnostic background volatiles. Chemicals highly elevated after oviposition, during the last instar exit stage, and in experimentally-pierced fruit were interpreted to be indicators of citrus peel injury, and included d-limonene and β-ocimene. Chemicals elevated exclusively in the larval infestation stages were considered indicators of feeding damage and potentially diagnostic of infestation, and included hexyl butanoate and an unidentified compound. The peaks associated with injury and feeding were also detectable with a portable ultra-fast GC analyzer that required less than 80 s per sample. Further studies will investigate the potential application of these results for development of a rapid, non-destructive screening method for detection of tephritid infestation. |
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