Exotic mammal renal disease: causes and clinical presentation.

Renal disease is not uncommon in exotic mammals, with degenerative,infectious (bacterial, viral, parasitic), metabolic, nutritional,neoplastic, anatomic, and toxic causes all represented. This article discusses the clinical presentation for the various renal diseases affecting exotic mammals. Anatomic pathology at the gross and microscopic level is reviewed, as is disease pathophysiology unique to the species under discussion.