农作物收获前黄曲霉毒素污染与控制措施

黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxin，AFT)是曲霉属真菌产生的一大类生物毒素，是危及食品安全和人类健康的主要物质之一。农产品收获前黄曲霉毒素污染是热带、亚热带地区普遍存在的问题，其中在玉米、花生、棉籽、辣椒籽和一些木本坚果及其产品中尤为严重。国内外现有研究结果表明，多种因素可影响作物收获前黄曲霉毒素污染，其中干旱和高温的综合胁迫是最主要的环境因素。作物抗性对降低毒素污染具有重要作用。综合运用分子生物学及常规育种技术改良作物品种对黄曲霉菌侵染或产毒的抗性以及对其他病虫害及干旱的抗(耐)性，是解决黄曲霉毒素污染问题的重要途径。作物生产过程中病虫害的防治和合理的田间管理是作物收获前黄曲霉毒素污染的有效防控措施。

Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Crops and Its Management

Aflatoxin contamination caused by Aspergillus flavus and A.parasiticus is considered as the most serious factor influencing food safety concerning human health. Preharvest aflatoxin contamination in the field has been a common problem in certain agricultural products including corn, peanut, cottonseed, pepper and tree nuts. Several factors have been associated with preharvest aflatoxin contamination in various crops. Drought stress along with high temperature is the most major environmental factor related to preharvest aflatoxin contamination. Resistance of host plant could effectively reduce the contamination. Genetic enhancement for resistance to fungi invasion and aflatoxin production as well as diseases and insect pests and tolerance to drought through combination of conventional breeding and molecular biology approaches will be the priority for aflatoxin contamination management. Meanwhile, integrated control of diseases and pests with suitable crop management is also crucial to prevent preharvest aflatoxin contamination.