长期不同施肥方式对砷在典型壤质潮土及作物中累积的影响

本文研究了长期(1989—2009年)不同施肥方式对砷在黄淮海地区典型壤质潮土及作物中累积的影响。田间试验设置7个处理:有机肥(OM)、OM+无机化肥氮磷钾(NPK)、NPK、NP、PK、NK和不施肥(CK),OM+NPK处理为有机肥和无机化肥氮磷钾各施一半。结果显示,长期不同施肥方式下砷在表层(0~20 cm)及亚表层(20~40 cm)土壤中的含量均有明显累积,但含量较低(<25 mg.kg 1),对农田生态环境安全的影响较小。土壤中砷的累积主要与灌溉及沉降有关,受施肥方式的影响相对较小。磷肥中砷的含量明显高于氮肥、钾肥及有机肥,磷肥的长期施用促进了砷在PK处理土壤中的累积,但在作物产量较高的情况下,对其在土壤中累积趋势的影响较小,而有机肥的添加则会减缓这种累积趋势。砷在小麦和玉米两种典型作物组织中的含量分布表现为:根系>茎叶>籽粒,其中籽粒中砷的含量显著低于根系及国家食品安全相关标准。经过长期不同方式的施肥处理,砷在小麦组织中的含量表现为:PK>OM>OM+NPK>NPK>NP>NK>CK,与土壤中有效磷含量的变化基本一致,并间接受到土壤有机质的影响。在OM、OM+NPK、NPK和NP施肥处理下,土壤有机质含量及作物产量均较高,土壤有机质含量的提高促进了砷在小麦体内的富集,但对其在玉米根系中含量的影响不明显;玉米生长期较短且产量较高,对砷的需求量较大,土壤中有效态砷含量的不足抑制了其在玉米根系中的分布,但玉米通过加强组织对砷的转移能力提高了其在茎叶中的含量。

Effects of long-term fertilization on As (arsenate) accumulation intypical fluvo-aquic soils and crops

Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is a strategic grain production base in China with a wild distribution of fertile fluvo-aquic soils. During the past 20 years, high-input intensive agriculture with excess chemical fertilizer application has sustained high grain yields. However, unreasonable field management has resulted in potential pollution issues in the plain. In this study, the effects of long-term differential fertilization practices on the accumulation of arsenate (As) in typical fluvo-aquic soils and crops were investigated. Field experiments were launched in 1989, in which 7 treatments were established. The treatments included OM (organic manure), OM+NPK (50% organic manure + 50% chemical fertilizer), NPK, NP, PK, NK and CK (the control experiment with no fertilizer). With over 20 years (1989-2009) of cultivation, As in the surface (0~20 cm) and subsurface (20~40 cm) soil layers markedly accumulated. The soil As content was, however, too low for loading negative effects on eco-agricultural safety. As accumulation in the plain was mainly affected by irrigation and deposition, and relatively less affected by different fertilizer applications. The content of As in phosphorus (P) fertilizers was higher than in nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers or in organic manure (OM). Hence P fertilization was the main drive of soil As accumulation in the plain. Nevertheless, long-term P fertilization did not significantly increase soil As content since it was largely used up by crops. Also As accumulation trend slowed with OM fertilization. Crop tissue content of As was in the order of root > stalk > grain. Grain As content was not only significantly lower than that of root or stalk, but also than that of China's national standard. For different fertilization treatments, wheat tissue As content was in the order of PK > OM > OM+NPK > NPK > NP > NK > CK. This was somehow similar to that of soil available P, which was indirectly affected by soil organic matter content. Under OM, OM+NPK, NPK and NP treatments, there was high soil organic matter accumulation, which led to high crop yields. Although soil organic matter promoted high As adsorption by wheat, it had no significant effect on maize root As content. Since maize cultivation period was relatively short, low soil available As content inhabited maize root As content. More As was adsorbed by maize stalk due to strengthened transferability.