秸秆带状覆盖对西北雨养区马铃薯农田土壤温度及产量的影响

为探明秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖对马铃薯农田土壤热量传递和产量的影响,试验于2018-2019年进行,设置不同覆盖材料（地膜、秸秆）、覆盖时期（秋、春）、露地（CK）5个处理,研究不同覆盖对马铃薯农田土壤热量传递特性及产量的影响。结果表明,各处理在不同生育期和不同土层温度存在显著差异。与CK相比,2个生长季秸秆带状覆盖显著降低0~25cm土层土壤温度0.6℃~0.9℃,降温幅度为秋覆盖大于春覆盖,地膜覆盖提高土壤温度0.3℃~0.7℃。不同时期相比,地表覆盖存在增温和降温的双重效应,降温效应秸秆带状覆盖大于地膜覆盖,而增温效应地膜覆盖大于秸秆带状覆盖。地温日变化随气温的变化存在明显的滞后效应,覆盖显著抑制地温波动。覆盖具有“双抑制效应”,在低温时段抑制了土壤热量向大气的散失,高温时段抑制了地表对太阳辐射热量的吸收,且秸秆覆盖优于地膜覆盖,秋覆盖优于春覆盖,与CK相比,2个生长季秸秆覆盖温度梯度降低7.3~7.8℃/m,地膜覆盖降低3.4~6.3℃/m。秸秆带状覆盖增产14.7%,地膜覆盖增产25.3%,处理间单薯重的差异是引起产量差异的主要因素。因此,秸秆带状覆盖在西北雨养区马铃薯生产中具有应用推广价值。

Effects of Straw Strip Mulching on Soil Temperature and Yield of Potato Field in Rain-Fed Region in Northwest China

To find out the effects of straw strip mulching and film mulching on the soil heat transfer and yield of potato farmland, experiments were conducted from 2018 to 2019. Five treatments were set to study the effects of different mulching on the soil heat transfer characteristics and yield of potato farmland. The five treatments were mulching materials (mulching film, straw), mulching period (autumn, spring), and uncovered open fields (CK). The results showed that there were significant differences in the temperature under each treatment in different growth periods and different soil layers. Compared with CK, the straw mulching in the two growing seasons significantly reduced the soil temperature in 0-25cm soil layer by 0.6℃-0.9℃, and the fall of temperature with autumn stalk mulching was greater than that with spring stalk mulching. The film mulching increased the soil temperature by 0.3℃-0.7℃. In different periods, the surface cover had a dual effect of increasing temperature and decreasing temperature. The cooling effect of straw strip mulching was greater than that of plastic film mulching, and the heating effect of plastic film mulching was greater than that of straw mulching. The diurnal variation of ground temperature had an obvious hysteresis effect with the change of temperature, and the coverage significantly suppressed ground temperature fluctuations. The mulching had a "dual suppression effect" as it inhibited the loss of soil heat to the atmosphere during low-temperature periods, and inhibited the absorption of solar radiation heat by the surface during high-temperature periods. The straw mulching was better than the plastic mulching, and the autumn mulching was better than the spring mulching. Compared with the CK, in the two growing seasons, the temperature gradient under the straw mulching decreased by 7.3-7.8℃/m and under the film mulching it decreased by 3.4-6.3℃/m. The straw strip mulching increased the yield by 14.7%, and the film mulching increased the yield by 25.3%. The difference in the single potato weight between the treatments was the main factor causing the difference in yield. Therefore, the straw strip mulching had application and promotion value in potato production in the northwest rainfed area.