设施葡萄不同生育期水分胁迫对产量和水分利用效率的影响

为探究水分胁迫对设施栽培葡萄耗水规律、产量和水分利用效率的影响,于2012—2014年在甘肃省张掖市节水灌溉试验中心开展为期3年的设施栽培葡萄水分胁迫试验,在葡萄萌芽、新梢生长、开花、果实膨大和着色成熟5个生育期各设轻度(土壤含水率下限为55%田间持水率,θ_f)和中度(下限为θ_f65%)2个水分胁迫水平,以下限θ_f75%为对照。研究不同生育期水分胁迫对葡萄日耗水强度、耗水量、耗水模数和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:1)3个试验年度果实膨大期的平均日耗水强度为3.14mm/d、耗水量为220.55mm、耗水模系数为45.84%,均高于其余生育期的耗水指标;2)除开花期外,其余生育期施加中度水分胁迫均显著降低胁迫期葡萄耗水强度;且果实膨大期和着色成熟期轻度水分胁迫也会显著降低葡萄耗水强度;3)萌芽期中度胁迫对提高葡萄产量、水分生产效率(WUE)有利,其3个试验年度比CK平均增产16.2%、WUE提高20.5%。水分胁迫对设施葡萄产量和水分利用效率有重要影响,萌芽期亏水具有明显的节水增产效果;果实膨大期是葡萄需水临界期,该生育期应充分供水。

Effect of water stress on the production and water consumption of grapes in facility

To explore the effects of water stress on the water consumption and water use efficiency of post-cultivation facility grapes,a three-year experiment of facility cultivation was carried out from 2012 to 2014 at the experimental center for water saving irrigation of Zhangye City,Gansu Province.The growth cycle of grape was divided into five growth stages including germination,shoot growth,flowering,fruit enlargement,and coloring maturity.The 55% field water holding capacity (FC),which is the lower limit of soil moisture,was set as the moderate water stress at each growth stage.65% FC was set as the mild water deficit level.In addition,the lowest limit of 75% FC was used as control.Daily water consumption intensity,water consumption,water consumption module and water use efficiency of grape under water supply level were investigated.The results showed that:1) The grapes intensity of water consumption,amount of water consumption,water consumption model coefficients reached maximum value in fruit enlargement period,and three indicators were up to 45.84%,220.55 mm and 3.14 mm/d indicating fruit enlargement period is a critical period of water requirement for the facility grape.2) In addition to the flowering period,the moderate water stress in the rest of the growth period significantly decreased the water consumption intensity of the grapes during the stress period.The moderate water stress in coloring maturity period also significantly reduced the water consumption intensity.The mild water stress in the two long growth period (fruit enlargement,and colored maturity) also significantly affected the daily water consumption intensity.3) The moderate water stress in germination stage improved grape yield and water use efficiency (WUE) advantageously.The annual yield of three test years was 15% higher than CK,WUE increased by 20.5%.In conclusion,water stress had an important effect on the yield and water use efficiency of grapes.Water stress in the germination period saved water and increased the yield of grapes.The fruit expansion period was the critical period of water demand for grapes,which should be fully irrigated.