山西省不同年代旱地小麦产量构成因素及抗旱性特征分析

干旱是影响作物生长发育和产量的主要因素之一,对旱地小麦产量特征进行探索具有重要意义。以抗旱闻名的山西省旱地小麦育成品种为材料,在雨养和灌溉2种水分处理下分析了不同年代小麦品种产量构成因素的变化趋势以及各年代小麦品种的抗旱性,探明品种改良过程中产量提升的生理及形态机制,对未来旱地小麦育种的性状选择提供指导。结果表明,山西旱地小麦品种平均产量随年代逐渐增加,1990s前产量的年均增益明显高于1990s后,1990s-2010s间产量增加差异不显著;有效穗数和千粒重随年代呈增加趋势,而穗粒数和抗旱性随年代呈波动性变化。山西省旱地小麦产量整体偏低,通过遗传改良提升产量仍具有较大的空间。综合产量因素的改良趋势,在今后的旱地小麦育种中应继续增加有效穗数和千粒重,以提高小麦穗粒数作为重要途径和手段。

Analysis of the Yield Components and Drought Resistance of Dryland Wheat in Different Years from Shanxi Province

Drought is one of the main factors that affect the growth and yield of crops. It is of great significance to explore the yield characteristics of dryland wheat. Using the dryland wheat varieties of Shanxi province which were famous for drought resistance, the evolution trend of yield components and the drought resistance of wheat varieties in different years were analyzed under the two water treatments of rain-fed and well-watered. We investigated the physiological and morphological mechanism of yield increasing in the process of variety improvement, which guided the selection of traits in dryland wheat breeding in the future. The results showed that the average yield of dryland wheat varieties in Shanxi increased gradually over the years. The average annual gain yield before the 1990s was significantly higher than that after the 1990s, and there was no significant difference in yield from the 1990s to 2010s. The effective spike number and 1000-grain weight showed an increasing trend with the years, and the grain number per spike and drought resistance fluctuated with the years. The overall yield of dryland wheat in Shanxi province was low, which indicated that yield still had a potential to improve through genetic improvement. Therefore, based on the evolution trend of yield components, it was necessary to maintain a higher effective spike number and 1000-grain weight and increase the number of grains per spike as the breakthrough point in the dryland wheat breeding process of Shanxi province.