清代京津冀地区兽类多样性与分格局研究

本文通过对清代京津冀地区兽类群落的分析,复原该地区兽类多样性的历史变迁过程,并探讨影响因素。本文从清代京津冀地区的地方志中搜集与兽类有关的条目,将其数据化,借助ACCESS软件,构建京津冀地区清代兽类多样性数据库,从动物生态学视角对其进行分析。从清代早期到晚期,坝上高原区的兽类多样性在递减,冀北山地区的兽类多样性更为丰富,华北平原区的大型野生兽类从中部逐渐向西部太行山及北部燕山退却,华北平原由食物链完备的森林生态系统向生物多样性较低的农田生态系统转变。人类捕杀是京津冀地区虎、豹、熊、狼等大型野生动物消失及物种多样性减少的直接原因,人口数量增多、人类活动及经济开发导致兽类分布范围缩小、生存环境恶化,间接助长了这种趋势。

On Biodiversity and Distribution of Beasts in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of Qing Dynasty

Through the analysis of the beast community of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in the Qing Dynasty, this paper tries to restore the changing process of the beast biodiversity and discusses the influencing factors. The paper collects beastrelated items from the local chronicles of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in the Qing Dynasty, builds up the beast biodiversity database of Qing Dynasty in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region with the ACCESS software, and analyzes them from the perspective of animal ecology. It’s found that from the early to late Qing Dynasty, the beast biodiversity of Bashang plateau was decreasing, with more varieties in mountainous district in north Hebei. Large wild beasts in North China Plain gradually retreated from central toward the west Taihang Mountain and north Yan Mountain, and the forest ecosystem with complete food chain to farmland ecosystem with low biodiversity. Human hunting was the direct reason for the disappearance of large wild animals such as tigers, leopards, bears and wolves and the reduction of species diversity in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. What’s more, it was caused indirectly by the increase of population, human activities and economic development, the reduced beast distribution and deterioration of living environment.