灌水对强筋小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及其稳定性的影响

2005—2006年小麦生长季, 利用7个强筋品种, 按统一设计方案分别在7个省进行田间试验, 研究灌水在不同生态环境下对籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及其稳定性的调控效应。结果表明, 在小麦生育期平均降水量低于常年的情况下, 各试验点的平均产量以灌3次水(灌水时期分别为春2叶露尖、春5叶露尖和开花期,每次灌水量均为600 m³ hm^-2)的处理最高, 显著高于灌2次水(灌水时期为春5叶露尖和开花期, 每次灌水量均为600 m³ hm^-2)和灌1次水(灌水时期为春5叶露尖期, 灌水量为600 m³ hm^-2)的处理, 但与灌4次水(灌水时期分别为春2叶露尖、春5叶露尖、开花期和灌浆期,每次灌水量均为600 m³ hm^-2)的处理差异不显著。随着灌水次数和灌水量的增加, 各试验点总体呈现产量提高和试验点间差异缩小的趋势, 产量环境指数越低的试验点, 灌水处理的增产效果越好。说明灌水可使不同生态环境下强筋小麦产量的稳定性增强。平均产量越高的品种, 在各试验点间的产量变异越小, 即稳定性越好; 产量的环境指数越高, 品种间产量变异系数越小。不同灌水处理的籽粒蛋白质含量差异显著, 随灌水次数增加, 平均蛋白质含量有逐渐降低的趋势, 但在降水过少的河北任丘试验点, 增加灌水使蛋白质含量有所提高。同一品种在不同试验点的蛋白质含量有较大变化。在各试验点间变异系数小的品种, 其蛋白质含量静态稳定性较好; 而变异系数大的品种则对生态环境变化有较大反应, 说明其品质的栽培可塑性较强。

Effects of Irrigation on Yield and Protein Content of Grains and Their Stability in Strong-Gluten Wheat

In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) high-yielding and high-quality production, a great attention has been gradually paid to the effects of environment and cultivation technique. Currently, many reports on the stability of yield and quality give different results and conclusions due to different cultivars and environments in different experiments. In this study, field experiments in 2005–2006 growing season were carried out in seven provinces with seven strong-gluten cultivars under four irrigation regimes to give further explanation on this topic. Grain yield and protein content in grains were evaluated at maturity. The results showed that the highest grain yields were obtained with no significant difference in the treatment of 3 irrigations (at emergence of the 2nd spring-leaf, emergence of the 5th spring-leaf, and anthesis, respectively, 600 m³ ha^-1 per irrigation) and 4 irrigations ( the above 3 irrigations plus 1 irrigation at grain-filling) with rainfall below the average. The grain yield in all the seven experimental sites showed an increasing trend with the increase of irrigation times and quantity, and the differences among eco-environments were also shortened. The effect of irrigation was larger in sites with lower “environmental index”, indicating that irrigation could strengthen the yield stability of strong-gluten wheat in different environments. Cultivars with higher environmental index had smaller variation coefficients(CV) of grain yield. The protein content was significantly different among irrigation treatments. The average protein content decreased with the increase of irrigation times, expect for Renqiu site in Hebei province where the rainfall was extremely scarce (43.9 mm in the growing season). The protein content in the same cultivar varied obviously in different sites, but showed better stability in cultivars with smaller CV values. It suggested that the ecological factors affect protein content greatly in wheat.