中国生态农业创新发展的重要原则：农业空龄生态位的合理开发与生产要素科学配置的优化耦合

中国人多耕地少,人地背反增减,我们必须利用生产对象和生产要素的特性,全方位开发利用空间生态位和巧妙利用时间生态位,科学组合农业生产,以充分发挥自然资源条件、生产对象和各种生产要素的潜在生产力,提高农业生态经济系统效益,弥补土地、资金短缺,缓解劳动力富余等带来的困扰。通过长时间的典型调查,充分根据农业生产对象的可选择性,空间布局的离散性,生产时段的可控性,市场需求的区域性和波动性,生产对象和生产要素的相互依存性和可替代性等特点,紧密结合生物学、生态学、社会经济学,运用聚类分析,系统比较,提出生态农业创新发展的不同优化模式。通过合理开发农业空龄经济生态位和科学配置生产要素的全方位、全过程动态精巧耦合,将空龄生态位开发从平面拓展为立体,农业结构从时间断面调整推展为全过程优化,促使物能转换的小循环助推系统大循环,从而有效增强物能转换的功放效应,提高了系统生产力。空龄生态位开发与生产要素配置的优化耦合,突破了静止的、孤立的空间开发和农业生产要素配置的落后方法,是中国生态农业创新发展的必然选择,对促进中国生态农业持续、高质、高效发展具有重要的理论和实践意义。

Important Principles of the Innovative Development of Ecological Agriculture in China: The Rational Development of the Agricultural Spatial-Temporal Ecological Niche and the Optimal Coupling of the Scientific Allocation of Production Factors

China has more people and less arable land, and the number of people is increasing while the area of arable land is decreasing. We must take advantage of the characteristics of production objects and production factors to fully develop and utilize spatial ecological niche and temporal ecological niche, and scientifically combine agricultural production to give full play to the potential productivity of natural resource conditions, production objects, and various production factors, in order to improve the efficiency of the agricultural ecological economic system, offset the shortage of cultivated land and funds, and alleviate the troubles caused by the surplus of labor. Through a long-term typical investigation, the author took into consideration the selectivity of agricultural production objects, the discreteness of spatial layout, the controllability of production periods, the regional scale and volatility of market demand, and the interdependence and the substitutability of production objects and production factors, closely combined biology, ecology and social economics, and used cluster analysis and systematic comparison, to propose different optimization models for the innovative development of ecological agriculture. By coupling the rational development of the agricultural spatial-temporal economic ecological niche with the scientific allocation of production factors in all directions and throughout the process, the development of the spatial-temporal ecological niche is expanded from a two-dimensional form to a three-dimensional form, and the agricultural structure is advanced from the time section adjustment to the overall process optimization. This facilitates the small cycle of conversion of material and energy to boost the large cycle of the system, thereby effectively enhancing the power amplifier effect of the conversion of material and energy, and improving system productivity. The optimal coupling of the development of spatial-temporal ecological niche and the allocation of production factors outperforms the static and isolated space development and the backward method of allocation of agricultural production factors. It is an inevitable choice for the innovative development of ecological agriculture in China, and has theoretical and practical significance for promoting the sustainable, high-quality and efficient development of ecological agriculture.