Proportions of bird damage in tree fruits are higher in low-fruit-abundance contexts |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Ln. Rm. 203, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;2. Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 1405 S. Harrison Rd., Manly Miles Building, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA;3. Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, 103 Giltner Hall, 293 Farm Ln. Rm. 103, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;4. Biology Department, Trinity Western University, 7600 Glover Rd, Langley, BC V2Y 1Y1, Canada;5. Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Room 222 Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;6. New York State IPM Program, 630 W. North St, Geneva, NY 14456, USA;7. Washington State University Whatcom County Extension, 1000 N Forest St, Suite 201, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA;8. Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium Rd. Rm. 212, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;9. Northwest Michigan Horticultural Research Station, Michigan State University, 6686 S. Center Hwy, Traverse City, MI 49684, USA;10. Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 516 High St., Bellingham, WA 98225, USA;11. USDA/APHIS Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58503, USA;1. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA;2. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA;1. Department of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States;2. The Nature Conservancy, 555 Capitol Avenue, Ste 1290, Sacramento, CA 95814, United States;3. Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, Clinton, NY 13323, United States;1. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States;2. Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, 1021 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States;3. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 85223, United States;4. Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, 1474 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States |
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| Abstract: | Frugivorous birds impose significant costs on tree fruit growers through direct consumption of fruit and grower efforts to manage birds. We documented factors that influenced tree fruit bird damage from 2012 through 2014 with a coordinated field study in Michigan, New York, and Washington. For sweet cherries, percent bird damage was higher in 2012 compared to 2013 and 2014, in Michigan and New York compared to Washington, and in blocks with more edges adjacent to non-sweet cherry land-cover types. These patterns appeared to be associated with fruit abundance patterns; 2012 was a particularly low-yield year for tree fruits in Michigan and New York and percent bird damage was high. In addition, percent bird damage to sweet and tart cherries in Michigan was higher in landscapes with low to moderate forest cover compared to higher forest cover landscapes. 'Honeycrisp' apple blocks under utility wires were marginally more likely to have greater bird damage compared to blocks without wires. We recommend growers prepare bird management plans that consider the spatial distribution of fruit and non-fruit areas of the farm. Growers should generally expect to invest more in bird management in low-yield years, in blocks isolated from other blocks of the same crop, and in blocks where trees can provide entry to the crop for frugivorous birds. |
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| Keywords: | Apples Birds Cherries Crop damage Landscape forest cover Fruit abundance Tree fruit |
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