植物种子败育研究进展

种子败育在许多植物中普遍存在并一直是植物界研究热点。本文重点综述了近十年来在研究影响种子败育的内因(胚胎学、生理生化机制)和外因(环境条件、生长调节物)方面取得的主要进展。种子败育的胚胎学机制主要有以下4个方面：(1)雄性不育，包括花药退化、花粉败育、绒毡层细胞结构异常等；(2)雌性器官不孕，主要表现为雌性器官形态结构异常、大孢子母细胞及营养器官退化；(3)授粉受精不良，主要表现为自交或异交不亲和；(4)胚中途败育，不同植物胚败育的时间、败育原因及解剖学特征各不相同。不同的内源激素对植物胚胎发育的影响各不相同，激素含量的异常会导致种子败育；田间喷施GA3在提高果树座果率的同时常大大提高无仁率。矿质元素的缺乏会使一些植物发生种子败育。另外，环境胁迫等外在因素会严重影响种子发育。

Research Progress on Plant Seeds Abortion

Seed abortion is common in plants and has been widely studied. Its mechanism (embryologic and physiological) and influencing factors (environment and growth regulated) were briefly reviewed in this paper. The embryo logic mechanisms can be decided into four types:(1) male sterility including anther degeration, pollen mother cell abortion and tapelal cell abnormity; (2)female abortion including female organ abortion, me- gasporogeness degeneration and nutritional organde generation; (3)pollination and fertilization failure caused by self-incompatibility and cross incompatibility; (4) embryo abortion which varies in abortion time and anatomy characteristics among species. Endogenous hormones are closely correlated with seed abortion. In fruit trees, spraying GA3 can significantly increase seed abortion together with improving fruit set. Lack of some kinds of mineral elements may cause seed abortion. In addition, environmental stress may also results in seed abortion.