Control of rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum and R. flavum) in the eastern beech (Fagus orientalis) forests of Turkey |
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Authors: | E?en Derya Zedaker Shepard M |
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Institution: | (1) Düzce Orman Fakültesi, Abant zzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Düzce, 81620, Turkey;(2) Department of Forestry, (0324), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 24061, USA |
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Abstract: | Because purple-flowered rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum L.) and yellow-flowered rhododendron (R. flavum Don.) significantly reduce seedling growth and regeneration of eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) as well as local floristic diversity in northern Turkey, effective and cost-efficient woody control is needed. Various manual (cut and grub) and herbicide (foliar and cut-stump spray) woody control techniques were used in two different beech-rhododendron sites in the Black Sea Region (BSR) of Turkey. Two years later, biological and economic effectiveness were substantially greater with foliar-applied herbicide and grubbing treatments than with the cutting, cut-stump, and check treatments. Yet, grubbing showed a great potential for sprout crown reduction. Cut-stump spray was intermediate in effectiveness. Cutting had the least woody control and economic effectiveness among all of the treatments. Foliar-applied Arsenal SL (imazapyr) had significantly greater rhododendron control than foliar-appliied Garlon 4 (triclopyr ester). Increasing rates did not enhance herbicide efficacy. Reducing rates further may provide the same level of control at less cost. |
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Keywords: | Cut-stump spray Foliar spray Herbicidal woody control Imazapyr Manual woody control Tree growth Triclopyr ester |
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