吉林省大豆品种遗传改良过程中主要农艺性状的变化

以吉林省1923—2005年间育成的30个大豆品种为材料, 两年的研究结果表明, 大豆种子产量随育成年代呈线性增加, 根据回归方程计算, 产量从1923年的1 197.80 kg hm^-2到2005年的2 305.54 kg hm^-2, 82年来增加了 1 107.73 kg hm^-2, 平均每年增加14.60 kg hm^-2。随着产量的提高, 株高降低, 主茎直径增加, 节数增多, 节间缩短, 分枝减少。相关和通径分析表明, 产量与单株荚数、单株粒数、单株叶面积、叶面积指数和单株复叶数目呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 单株荚数和单株粒数对于产量的提高贡献最大; 产量与株高、单株分枝数和倒伏指数呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 表明大豆产量的遗传改良过程中, 植株抗倒伏能力提高, 库容量增加, 源器官叶片的同化能力增强。

Changes of Main Agronomic Traits with Genetic Improvement of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Cultivars in Jilin Province, China

Soybean yield in Jilin Province has increased approximately 1.12% per year since early 1920. Our objective was to investigate the changes in agronomic traits associated with yield increase in the selection of historical cultivars using 30 soybean cultivars cultivated and genetically improved from 1923 to 2005. The experiments were performed with randomized complete block design with at least three replicates in Changchun (43.53°N, 125.10°E), Jilin Province in 2005–2006. The results indicated that according to the regression equation, soybean yield exhibited a linear increase with genetic improvement, from 1 197.80 kg ha^-1 in 1923 to 2 305.54 kg ha^-1 in 2005, with average increase of 14.60 kg ha^-1(1.12%) per year. With the increasing of soybean yield, plant height and branches shortened; stem diameter and number of pods and seeds increased. Yield was positively correlated with number of pods and seeds per plant, stem diameter, leaf area per plant, leaf area index (LAI), and the number of leaves (P<0.05) while negatively correlated with plant height, number of branches, and lodging index (P<0.05). This study demonstrated that genetic improvement enhances the resistance to lodging, the sink capability and the assimilation ability which results in a consecutive yield increase in soybean.