美国国有林生态系统经营

该文介绍以生态系统经营为目标的美国国有林经营改革．进入９０年代美国国有林转入生态系统经营，进行了组织和规划决策的改革，并开展了大规模的实验．美国国有林经营改革的主要原因首先是环境保护运动的高涨和司法部门对林务局的严厉判决，林学会的学术支持和林务局职工的多样化也是改革的主要动力．围绕国有林经营管理的舆论两极化、政治介入和传统财政制度等是国有林经营改革的主要障碍；林务局职工的支持，内部的多样性反映了社会对国有林的多样化要求，内部改革起了重要作用．

Ecosystem Management of US National Forests

This paper aims to review the US national forests reforma,and to introduce an ecosystem approach.The US National Forest has been adopting ecosystem management since 1992 as an overall management direction and began to amend planning regulations and to re organize the management structure to help implemente cosystem management. It also began to put a large scale experiment of ecosystem management into practice. The reforma of National Forest has been mainly caused by an upsurge of environmental movements. However, cultural and professional diversity at the Forest Service also contributed to an internal movement towards reforma. Although the reforma of National Forest is facing political intervention,criticism of public opinion about forest management, and institutional barriers, many Forest Service employees support reform. It should be noted that the cultural and professional diversity of the organization makes it possible for forest management to reflect social diversity and promote self reforma.