安徽省作物养分供需分析及化肥减施潜力研究

有机-无机相结合的农田养分管理模式是现阶段中国发展绿色农业的必由之路,因而开展有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的比较研究对促进养分资源的合理分配和施用具有重要的参考价值。本文采用文献调查和统计分析的方法,评估了安徽省16市2010—2016年主要有机肥(包括秸秆、粪便、绿肥和饼肥)的养分资源,明晰了安徽省农业生产中有机、无机养分投入现状,并根据农业种植结构开展了有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的差异和关系研究,最后探索了安徽省的化肥减施潜力。结果表明:安徽省2010—2016年平均有机肥养分资源为287.70万t,N、P_2O_5和K_2O分别为104.49万t、39.60万t和143.61万t,可基本满足作物的养分需求;但有机肥的当季利用率低,N、P_2O_5和K_2O的当季利用率分别为21.44%、19.91%和52.61%,有机肥N、P_2O_5和K_2O实际还田量仅占作物养分需求的20.74%、25.38%和63.61%,占农田养分总投入的比重分别为11.87%、10.27%和51.35%。全省N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分实际投入量(包括有机肥和化肥)是作物养分需求的1.75倍、2.47倍和1.24倍,有7个市的N和13个市的P_2O_5养分施用量超过作物需求的2倍,存在较高的环境污染风险。通过控制农业总养分输入,安徽省的化肥减施潜力为35.12%,N、P_2O和K_2O的减施潜力分别为21.28%、23.97%和78.61%。提高有机肥的当季利用率和发展冬季绿肥资源可进一步促进化肥减施。本研究可为安徽省化肥零增长和农牧业的绿色可持续发展提供数据参考。

Study on the input and demand of crop nutrients and the potential of fertilizer reduction in Anhui Province

The use of organic-inorganic integrated farmland nutrient management model is an effective approach to develop sustainable agriculture in China. As nutrient demand and supply in agricultural production in various regions are undefined, it is crucial to study the relationships among organic fertilizer nutrient resources, fertilizer nutrient input, and crop nutrient demand to promote the rational distribution and application of nutrient resources. By using previously published methods and statistical analysis, here, we evaluated the nutrient composition of organic fertilizers (including straw, manure, green manure, and cake fertilizer). We aimed to clarify the current situation of organic and inorganic nutrient inputs for agricultural production in 16 cities in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2016, and evaluate differences and relationships among organic and inorganic nutrients and crop nutrient demand according to the local structure of agricultural planting. Finally, we explored the potential for fertilizer reduction in Anhui Province. The annual average amount of organic fertilizer in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2016 was 2.877 million tons, and that of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O was 1.044 9, 0.396 0, and 1.436 1 million tons, respectively, which could meet the nutrient demand for crops. However, the utilization rate of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O in organic fertilizer in the current season was as low as 21.44%, 19.91%, and 52.61%, respectively. Therefore, the actual return amount of organic fertilizer only accounted for 20.74% (N), 25.38% (P₂O₅), and 63.61% (K₂O) of the crop nutrient demand, and only 11.87% (N), 10.27% (P₂O₅), and 51.35% (K₂O) of the total nutrient input of farmland. The actual nutrient input (including organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer) in the province was 1.75 (N), 2.47 (P₂O₅), and 1.24 (K₂O) times of the crop nutrient demand. The application of N in seven cities and the application of P₂O₅ in 13 cities were more than two times of the crop demand; there was a high risk of environmental pollution in these cities. By controlling the nutrient input, the reduction potential of fertilizer in Anhui Province was 35.12%, and that of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O was 21.28%, 23.97%, and 78.61%, respectively. By improving the utilization rate of organic fertilizer and developing winter green fertilizer, Anhui Province can achieve the maximum reduction in fertilizer application. This study provides reference data for zero growth of fertilizer and green sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry in Anhui Province.