Fumigant persistence and emission from soil under multiple field application scenarios |
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| Institution: | 1. USDA-ARS, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;2. Mirusso Enterprises, Inc., Delray Beach, FL 33446, USA;3. Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905, USA;4. Sullivan Environmental Consulting, Inc., 1900 Elkin Street, Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22308, USA;5. University of Florida, West Florida Research & Education Center, Jay, FL, USA;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440033, MS, India;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, MS, India;3. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, 506004, Telangana State, India;1. Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China;2. Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Wanning 571533, Hainan, China;3. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing 100102, China;1. CITeQ (Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química), Facultad Regional Córdoba, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Maestro López esq. Cruz Roja Argentina, Córdoba, Argentina;3. CONICET, Argentina;1. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), CONICET-UNMdP, Av. Juan B. Justo 4302, B7608FDQ Mar del Plata, Argentina;2. Grupo Quimiotaxis, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB), CONICET-UNMdP, Casilla de Correo 1245, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina |
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| Abstract: | Chemical fumigants are routinely used for soil disinfestation of high value crops. Good agricultural practices (GAPs) are needed to reduce their human health risks, environmental impacts, and improve their cost-effectiveness. This study investigated the effect of fumigant application methods on soil persistence and emission of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP). Field experiments were conducted to measure the individual and combined effects of pre-application tillage practices, fumigant application technology, and plastic films on 1,3-D soil concentrations to obtain a numerical index (CT value) to estimate their potential for pest control efficacy and to compare soil persistence, atmospheric flux rate, and cumulative emission of CP and 1,3-D under two diverse application scenarios. Greater 1,3-D soil vapor concentrations were observed by combining a pre-application soil seal with low soil disturbance application technology when compared to pre-application soil tillage and the use of back-swept application shanks. Under high density polyethylene plastic, the low disturbance scenario resulted in time weighted exposure concentration (CT) values ranging from 6.8 to 12.2 μg h cm−3 of soil as compared to CT values ranging from 2.9 to 5.4 μg h cm−3 under the conventional application scenario. Cumulative atmospheric emission of 1,3-D was decreased by 18% under the low disturbance scenario and atmospheric emission of CP by 21% when compared to a conventional application scenario. This study identified GAPs that can be readily implemented in the field to reduce the human and environmental impacts of soil fumigants and improve their cost-effectiveness under solid-tarp (broadcast) applications. |
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