美国国家公园体系百年管理与规划制度研究及启示

以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系构建是我国国家治理进程中生态文明建设的重要方面,"科学规划、完备制度"是保护地体系稳健发展的必然路径,保护地规划制度研究及建设非常紧迫。文中剖析了美国国家公园管理局（NPS）的组织管理结构与国家公园体系的构成,梳理了国家公园体系百年发展的重要法案历程,探析了隶属NPS的丹佛规划设计研究中心（DSC）全权负责下的规划体系,发现NPS垂直式统筹管理和从"一园一法"到"基本法"进而"各专项保护"的法案发展历程,二者正是美国国家公园规划制度建设发展的双重基石。研究启示有3个方面:一是我国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系构建亟待与管理体系的重构协同发展;二是完善立法以实现强制性保护和引导性发展;三是结合我国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系构建特征,提出由6个层级构建规划体系及其规划制度建设设想,以期探索我国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地科学规划体系。

Centennial Management and Planning System of National Park System in the United States of America and Its Enlightenment

The establishment of conservation area system with national parks as the important component is an important aspect of ecological civilization development in the process of national governance improvement in China. Science-based planning and sound systems are the inevitable path for the steady development of conservation area system, and the research and establishment of protected land planning system is an urgent task. This paper analyzes the organizational and management structure of US National Park Service (NPS) and the development of its national park system, reviews the important acts affecting the development of the national park system in the latest century, and discusses the national park planning that Denver Service Center (DSC) under the NPS is in charge of. It is found that the vertical administration within the NPS and the law and acts supporting the national park system development are the dual cornerstone of the USA national park planning system development. This study puts forward three enlightenments:1) it is urgent to promote the synergy development between the protected land system establishment and the protected land management system; 2) it is important to improve the legislation to achieve the mandatory protection of conservation area and the regulatory development; 3)the features of China's conservation area system which is focused on the national park should be based on to propose the conservation area planning system composed of 6 planning levels and its planning regime.This study is to explore the efficient and science-based establishment and management of the planning system of conservation areas with the national parks as the most important component.