When and where a seed mix refuge makes sense for managing insect resistance to Bt plants |
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| Institution: | 1. Monsanto Company, Global Regulatory Scientific Affairs, Mail Zone C3SG, 800 North Lindbergh, St. Louis, MS 63167, USA;2. Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9775, USA;1. Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan;2. The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan;1. School of Business, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;2. Research Center for Econophysics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;3. Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan;1. Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA;2. Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO, USA;1. Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;2. Dean Lee Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Alexandria, LA 71302, USA;3. Bayer Crop Science, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA;4. Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC 29532, USA;5. Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;6. Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, North Carolina State University, Plymouth, NC 27962, USA;7. Lonoke Extension Center, University of Arkansas, Lonoke, AR 72086, USA;8. Crop Genetics and Breeding Research, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;9. Entomology & Nematology Department, West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Jay, FL 32565, USA;1. Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;2. EMBRAPA, Center for Temperate Climate Agricultural Research, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;3. Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;4. Pioneer Sementes, Itumbiara, Goiás, Brazil;5. Bayer Crop Science, Paulínia, São Paulo, Brazil;6. Instituto Phytus, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Planting of a separate structured refuge for Bt crops as part of an insect resistance management (IRM) strategy to delay resistance evolution is the most common method of refuge deployment but this strategy depends on growers planting a refuge. A seed mix refuge interspersed with a pyramided Bt product is an alternative strategy that addresses the risk of growers not planting a refuge. However, concerns exist regarding how larval movement between Bt and non-Bt plants might influence resistance evolution in a seed mix field. To understand when seed mixes are an appropriate IRM strategy, a deterministic model run probabilistically was used to examine the evolution of Bt resistance in seed mix and structured refuges under varying levels of Bt efficacy, pest fitness, refuge size, larval movement, movement penalty and grower compliance. Results from modeling simulations show that the addition of a second and third Bt toxin can delay resistance evolution longer than a single toxin, making a seed mix refuge strategy a viable option where refuge compliance is a concern. In seed mixes, resistance was shown to evolve faster compared to a responsibly implemented structured refuge and evolved fastest in seed mixes when larval movement rates were high. However, when mortality from larval movement was included in model simulations, the selection pressure from Bt was reduced and two or three Bt-pyramids with a 5% seed mix refuge were at least as durable as the same products with a 5% structured refuge, depending upon refuge compliance. These simulations show that, across a range of conditions, seed mix refugia provide an effective alternative IRM tactic for delaying resistance evolution. Under some conditions use of seed mix refugia may be a superior IRM tactic leading to longer delays to resistance, and greater durability, compared to structured refugia and is a risk adverse tactic in situations when no refuge is planted. |
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