虚实并存耕层提高春玉米产量和水分利用效率

为了探明耕层构造对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响,在农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站利用长期定位试验,设置了虚实并存耕层(furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer,FLRC)、全虚耕层(all loose plough layer,AL)、全实耕层(all compaction plough layer,AC)、以及作为对照(controlled trial,CK)的上虚下实耕层(up loose and down compaction plough layer,ULDC)4种耕层结构,研究了不同耕层构造对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响。利用2011和2012年数据分析结果表明,不同耕层构造对春玉米产量影响显著(P0.05),2a平均表现为FLRCALULDCAC,FLRC和AL比CK分别增加16.39%、5.30%,收获指数在0.38~0.44之间。在平水年(2011)和丰水年(2012)虚实并存耕层和全虚耕层均可有效蓄积降水,改善土壤水分状况,明显提高玉米的降水利用效率,2011年FLRC比ULDC提高11.95%(P0.05);2012年FLRC和AL分别比CK提高21.23%(P0.05)和12.43%(P0.05);不同降雨年型和不同耕层结构对作物水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)影响不同,2011年FLRC比CK增加15.68%(P0.05),2012年FLRC比CK增加23.13%(P0.05),2a平均提高18.43%。综合分析认为,虚实并存耕层是提高土地生产力和农田水分利用效率的最优耕层结构。该研究为辽西旱作农业区合理耕层构建、确定适宜的耕作技术和实现作物的高产稳产提供参考。

Furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer improves spring maize yield and water use efficiency

Abstract: Plough layer construction is regarded as one of important methods for solving rainfed farmland problems. In order to explore the effect of plough layer construction on crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of spring maize, four tillage methods, including up loose and down compaction plough layer (ULDC, CK), all loose plough layer (AL), furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer (FLRC) and all compaction plough layer (AC), were carried out in a long-term experimental station of Fuxin. The result showed that the yield of spring maize was significantly influenced by different plough layer constructions. For the years of 2011 and 2012, the maize yield under FLRC was the highest, followed by those under AL and CK; the yield under AC was the lowest. The average maize yield of the two years under FLRC was 16.39% higher than that under CK, and the yield under AL was 5.30% higher than that under CK, which were contributed by the increase in hundred kernel weight; the yield under AC was 5.73% lower than that under CK. The above-ground biomass (AGB) of maize and the harvest index were also examined. The result showed a significant impact of different plough layer constructions on AGB and harvest index of the maize. The FLRC treatment in 2011 was significant different from the others (P<0.05), while the difference between the treatments of AL and CK was not significant (P>0.05). The yield under FLRC was 7.18%, 7.19% and 12.87% higher than those under AL, CK and AC, respectively. The yield under FLRC in 2011 was generally consistent with that in 2012, without significant difference (P>0.05). The harvest indices for the four treatments ranged from 0.38 to 0.44. The findings also showed that soil moisture contents under of FLRC and AL were higher than those under AC and CK. The soil water storage (0-100 cm) under the four treatments (FLRC, AL, CK and AC) were 247.36, 248.97, 242.84 and 239.48 mm, respectively, indicating that FLRC and AL could efficiently loose soil, increase water penetration and soil water storage, and improve soil moisture contents significantly. For both normal year (2011) and wet year (2012), the soil under FLRC could utilize precipitation of growing season effectively, and promote precipitation use efficiency of maize. An 11.95% increase of rainfall use efficiency was observed under FLRC than that under CK in 2011; FLRC and AL showed the increases of 21.23% and 12.43% of rainfall use efficiency comparing to CK in 2012, respectively. WUE of the crops differed in different years and plough layer constructions. In 2011, a 15.68% increase in WUE was observed under FLRC comparing to that under CK, the similar trend was also appeared in 2012, a 23.13% increase for CK in WUE. Averaging the result of two year, an 18.43% increase in WUE was observed comparing to that of CK. Consequently, furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer was an efficient construction for improving production and WUE of cropland in semi-arid zone of northeastern China.