Effects of Cultivars,Transplanting Patterns,Environment, and Their Interactions on Grain Quality of Japonica Rice

With the increasing scarcity of rural labor, the rice transplanting pattern is encountering a shift from artificial transplanting (AT) to mechanical transplanting (MT) in numerous rice‐growing districts of China. The shift of transplanting patterns combined with altered growing environment during the grain‐filling stage in different years presumably affects rice quality. Nevertheless, related information is currently limited. This study investigated the effects of cultivars, transplanting patterns, environment, and their interactions on appearance, milling, eating, and nutritional qualities of four japonica rice varieties. The significant interactive effects of cultivars, environment, and transplanting patterns on almost all rice quality parameters (except Thr, Met, and Ile) were observed. Cultivars and environment were the main factors influencing rice appearance and milling and eating qualities. Cultivar was the primary factor affecting rice nutritional quality. Among all treatments, environment showed the strongest effect on percentage of chalky kernel, milled rice yield, peak viscosity, breakdown, setback, consistence, amylose, Glu, Tyr, and Met contents. However, Leu and Phe contents were unaffected by environment but only by cultivars and transplanting patterns. In addition to amylose and protein, Glu and Met contents were also involved in determining rice eating quality. Amino acid contents (except Cys, Tyr, and Met) were significantly negatively correlated with head rice yield, showing the function of amino acids in controlling rice milling quality. Percentage of chalky kernel as well as protein and almost all amino acid contents were significantly negatively correlated with the difference of maximum and minimum temperature (DMMT) and positively correlated with relative humidity (RH), whereas head rice yield did it reversely. Amylose content and setback were significantly negatively related to daily maximum temperature (DMAT), daily minimum temperature (DMIT), daily average temperature (DAT), and effective temperature accumulation (ETA). However, peak viscosity, breakdown, and consistence had contrary performances. According to these results, we can infer that DMMT and RH are important environmental factors affecting rice appearance, milling qualities, and nutritional qualities and that DMAT, DMIT, DAT, and ETA are key environmental factors influencing rice eating quality.