减少化肥配施有机肥对滴灌棉花N、P吸收和产量的影响

施用有机肥是作物增产和提升地力的有效途径。本试验在连续定位施肥的第3年,研究了常规单施化肥(CF)和化肥减量20%~40%、配施3000~6000 kg·hm-2不同种类的有机类肥料对棉株干物质质量,产量,氮、磷吸收量,土壤保水性以及养分利用率的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,减化肥配施有机肥各处理的生物量在蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别增加4.3%~30.0%、16.8%~35.1%和18.5%~38.8%;棉花产量在第3年提高了6.9%~18.5%,其中施用6000 kg·hm-2生物有机肥获得最高产,子棉产量为7578 kg·hm-2。施用有机肥能增加棉株对氮、磷养分的吸收,且显著提高了氮肥利用率(P0.05)以及田间持水量,生物有机肥对磷肥利用率的提高优于普通有机肥。

Effects of Application of Different Organic Manures with Chemical Fertilizer on Cotton Yield,N and P Utilization Efficiency under Drip Irrigation

Organic manure application has significant effect on crop yield promotion and soil fertility improvement. Experiments were carried out at a three-year treated field with same amount of fertilizer type and amount in 2011 to study the influence of combined use of organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer (CF) on cotton biomass, yield, N and P uptake，and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient use efficiency. Meanwhile, soil pH and water holding capacity were also analyzed. Compared with 100% chemical fertilizer treatment (N 300 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅ 90 kg· hm^-2, K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2), organic fertilizer at different rates of 3000 kg·hm^-2 or 6000 kg·hm^-2 combined with NPK chemical fertilizer significantly increased cotton biomass(P<0.05). For instance, cotton biomass increased by 4.3%～30.0% at squaring stage, 16.8%～35.1% at boll stage and 18.5%～38.8% at open boll stage, respectively. In contrast with CF, the cotton yield increased by 6.9%～18.5% at the third year of fertilization, 7578 kg·hm^-2 seed cotton yield was gained in the treatments with 40% chemical fertilizer substituted by 6000 kg·hm-2 bio-organic fertilizer. An obvious cotton N and P uptake enhancement were observed under organic manure combined with CF treatments, moreover, cotton N use efficiency (P<0.05) and soil water holding capacity(WHC) were also significantly increased. Compared with organic fertilizer, application of bio-fertilizer is more benefit to enhance P use efficiency.